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Parasympathetic hyperresponsiveness and bradyarrhythmias during apnoea in hypertension

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Abstract

Voluntary end-expiratory apnoea in a 23-year-old asymptomatic mild hypertensive patient consistently elicited bradyarrhythmias (complete heart block and sinus pause) and sympathetic activation to muscle blood vessels, indicating simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activation during apnoea. The sympathetic bradyarrhythmic response to apnoea was potentiated by hypoxia and eliminated by atropine. Baroreflex activation also attenuated the bradycardic response to apnoea.

A 43-year-old hypertensive patient with sleep apnoea also exhibited bradyarrhythmias (sinus arrest for up to 10 s) and a fall in perfusion pressure to <50 mmHg during episodes of sleep apnoea. These cardiovascular changes were associated with a reduction in oxygen saturation to levels as low as 35%. Neither patient was on any medication.

Simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activation during episodes of apnoea may predispose to cardiovascular catastrophe. These chemoreflex mediated autonomic changes are inhibited by baroreflex activation. We propose that patients with impaired baroreflexes (patients with hypertension or heart failure and premature infants) may be especially susceptible to excessive autonomic responses to chemoreflex stimulation during periods of apnoea. In these patient groups, brady-arrhythmias, hypoxia, hypoperfusion and sympathetic activation during apnoea may predispose to sudden death.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Internal Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, and Neurology, and the Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 52242, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Virend Kristen Somers MD, DPhil, Mark Eric Dyken MD, Allyn Lewis Mark MD, FACC & Francois Mitry Abboud MD, FACC

  2. the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Virend Kristen Somers MD, DPhil, Mark Eric Dyken MD, Allyn Lewis Mark MD, FACC & Francois Mitry Abboud MD, FACC

Authors
  1. Virend Kristen Somers MD, DPhil
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  2. Mark Eric Dyken MD
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  3. Allyn Lewis Mark MD, FACC
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  4. Francois Mitry Abboud MD, FACC
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Somers, V.K., Dyken, M.E., Mark, A.L. et al. Parasympathetic hyperresponsiveness and bradyarrhythmias during apnoea in hypertension. Clinical Autonomic Research 2, 171–176 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01818958

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01818958

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