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Bioethanol-gasoline blend a promising fuel for motorized two-wheelers: optimization of operating conditions for minimum regulated emissions

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Abstract

The 99.5% (v/v) bioethanol was produced from waste broken rice by successive enzymatic saccharification and fermentation, using the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae followed by concentration. The primary aim of the study was to utilize the bioethanol in a conventional gasoline-run two-wheeler under road-load conditions. The characterization of bioethanol and its blends were performed by estimating the various physicochemical fuel properties of bioethanol as per ASTM test standards. Mass spectroscopy-assisted gas chromatography (GC–MS) was used for the quantitative chemical compositions of both pure gasoline and bioethanol. The different regulated and unregulated emissions components in exhaust gas were quantified from a typical two-wheeler running on Indian road-load conditions using various ethanol-gasoline blends (E0, E5, E10, E15, E20, and E25). A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to detect the various unregulated gaseous emission components. The enhanced octane number was observed at higher ethanol-gasoline blends, along with a considerable reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases like methane and NOx. The emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons like ethylene and propylene were not so pronounced up to E15. While the unregulated emissions like acetaldehyde, aromatics (toluene), and unburned ethanol vapor were detected to be slightly higher for the blends. However, with the increased vehicle speed, all unregulated emission components showed a decreasing trend. Finally, an artificial neural network-genetic algorithm was developed for the optimization of the vehicle operating conditions toward the minimization of combined regulated exhaust emissions. The study is expected to provide vital inputs for the utilization of bioethanol as a transportation fuel for the existing two-wheelers.

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Acknowledgements

The authors sincerely acknowledge the computational and analytical instrumentation support received from DST-FIST, GOI by the Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India. The experimental infrastructure support was received from the Energy Research & Technology Group of CSIR-CMERI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, 713209, India

    P. Mondal, A. K. Sadhukhan & P. Gupta

  2. Energy Research and Technology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur, 713209, India

    A. Ganguly

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  1. P. Mondal
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  2. A. K. Sadhukhan
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  3. P. Gupta
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  4. A. Ganguly
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Contributions

P Mondal: Investigator and performed the experiments, process optimization, modeling, and paper writing. Ak Sadhukhan: Conceptualization, supervision, and writing. P Gupta: Reviewing and final editing the paper thoroughly. A Ganguly: Supervision during experimentation.

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Correspondence to A. K. Sadhukhan.

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Editorial responsibility: Shahid Hussain.

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Mondal, P., Sadhukhan, A.K., Gupta, P. et al. Bioethanol-gasoline blend a promising fuel for motorized two-wheelers: optimization of operating conditions for minimum regulated emissions. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 11391–11406 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04623-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04623-9

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