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On-water biphasic organic synthesis

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Abstract

Organic synthesis under green and efficient conditions is crucial for sustainable development. Among the 12 principles of green chemistry, using “safer solvents” is considered as one of the vitally necessary principles of correlated to the organic syntheses. Water is the most abundant and entirely safe molecule in the earth. It is a non-toxic, nonflammable, odorless, colorless, cheapest, renewable, easily accessible, and non-hazardous natural compound. Actually, water is the most ordinary and extraordinary solvent in the world. It is the only compound that naturally exists in three states of matter as solid, liquid, and gas. So, it occupies a unique position in nature due to its task as a solvent for biochemical reactions performed in the bodies of creatures. From the view point of organic synthesis, some of the chemical transformations such as Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction are found to be more accelerated in water than traditional organic solvents. Ease of product separation is also another advantage of using water in organic reactions, even though, in the reactions that no remarkable rate acceleration is seen. This short review is focused on the importance of the role of water in promoting organic reactions. Organic reactions using water as a green solvent focusing on biphasic systems are reviewed. In this sense, aqueous phase heterogeneous catalysis reactions have a great interest. The advantages and limitations of using water as a green alternative solvent to volatile organic solvents are discussed. We have tried to show a clear image of the role of water in organic reactions. Thus, several considerable examples are given, and some related concepts such as hydrophobic effect, hydrogen bonding, phase-transfer catalysts, and superheated water as essential factors in organic reactions are concisely discussed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran, for its financial support through grant No.SCU.SC99.440. We also thank Dr. S. J. Saghanezhad for his insight comments and assistance on the early draft.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, P.O. Box: 6135743337, Ahvaz, Iran

    Mohammad Javaherian & Parviz Movaheditabar

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  1. Mohammad Javaherian
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Correspondence to Mohammad Javaherian.

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The authors have received research grants from the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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Javaherian, M., Movaheditabar, P. On-water biphasic organic synthesis. J IRAN CHEM SOC 20, 2103–2125 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-023-02805-x

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