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Epidemiology of human and animal kobuviruses

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Abstract

Kobuviruses are member of the family Picornaviridae. Initially, members in Kobuvirus genus were named according to the basis of their host species. The viruses found in humans called “Aichi virus”, the viruses from cattle called “bovine kobuvirus”, and the viruses isolated from pigs called “porcine kobuvirus”. Currently, taxonomy of kobuviruses has been proposed and the virus species have been renamed. The “Aichi virus” has been renamed as “Aichivirus A”, “bovine kobuvirus” has been renamed as “Aichivirus B”, and “porcine kobuvirus” has been changed to “Aichivirus C”. Among Aichivirus A, three distinct members, including Aichi virus 1 (Aichivirus in human), canine kobuvirus 1, and murine kobuvirus 1, have been described. Aichi virus 1 in human is globally distributed and has been identified at low incidence (0–3 %) in sporadic acute gastroenteritis cases. Aichi virus 1 has been reported to be associated with variety types of clinical illnesses including diarrhea, vomiting, fever, purulent conjunctivitis, and respiratory symptoms. The studies from Japan, Spain, Germany, and Tunisia demonstrated that high antibody prevalence against Aichi virus 1 were found in the populations. Aichivirus B or previously known as bovine kobuvirus was first reported in 2003. Since then, Aichivirus B has also been reported from several countries worldwide. An overall prevalence of Aichivirus B varies from 1 to 34.5 %, and the highest prevalence was found in cattle with diarrhea in Korea. Aichivirus C or porcine kobuvirus is widely distributed in pigs. Aichivirus C has been found in both diarrhea and healthy pigs and the positive rate of this virus varies from 3.9 up to 100 %. It was reported that Aichivirus C was found with high prevalence in wild boars in Hungary. The accumulated data of the biological, pathological, as well as epidemiological studies of kobuviruses are still limited. Comprehensive global investigations of the prevalence and diversity are required and will be helpful for providing further insight into pathogenicity, genetic heterogeneity, interspecies transmission, and global distribution of kobuviruses.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by grant for Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand and the JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), Grant Numbers 23406036 and 24390266, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroros, Sriphoom, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

    Pattara Khamrin & Niwat Maneekarn

  2. Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

    Shoko Okitsu & Hiroshi Ushijima

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  1. Pattara Khamrin
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  2. Niwat Maneekarn
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  3. Shoko Okitsu
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  4. Hiroshi Ushijima
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Correspondence to Pattara Khamrin.

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Khamrin, P., Maneekarn, N., Okitsu, S. et al. Epidemiology of human and animal kobuviruses. VirusDis. 25, 195–200 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-014-0200-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-014-0200-5

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