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Role of plant growth promoting Bacteria (PGPRs) as biocontrol agents of Meloidogyne incognita through improved plant defense of Lycopersicon esculentum

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Abstract

Background and aims

Root-knot nematodes are major constraints among different pathogens with wide host range and cause severe agricultural loss worldwide. The present study was designed to understand the role of plant growth promoting bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Burkholderia gladioli) on growth and antioxidative potential in nematode infected Lycopersicon esculentum seedlings.

Methods

An experiment was conducted to assess the levels of superoxide anions, H2O2 and MDA contents generated during nematode infection. Moreover, the contribution of antioxidative enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidants, total antioxidants and gene expression profiling was also carried out in nematode infected Lycopersicon esculentum seedlings.

Results

The results of present study revealed that nematode infection reduced the growth of seedlings which upon inoculation of microbes was improved. Moreover, number of galls were reduced upon supplementation of these strains. Nematode infection also caused accumulation of superoxide anion, H2O2, and malondialdehyde contents along with nuclear damage and loss of cell viability which was reduced upon supplementation of microbes. The oxidative burst generated enhanced various antioxidant enzymes such as SOD (30.6%), POD (3.6%), CAT (18.1%), GPOX (65.9%), APOX (24.8%), GST (5.6%), DHAR (13.9%), GR (11%) and PPO (2.5%) which were further elevated upon application of P. aeruginosa (23.9%, 7.2%, 7%, 66%, 28.9%, 71.3%, 14.5%, 10.6% and 38.3%) and B. gladioli (5.1%, 30.6%, 16.2%, 92.1%, 78.5%, 97.5%, 15.5%, 65.7% and 23.2%). The non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione, ascorbic acid and tocopherol) and total antioxidants contents (both water soluble and lipid soluble) were also enhanced upon inoculation of microbes. Confocal microscopy revealed the improvement in nuclear damage and cell viability in microbe inoculated roots. Gene expression profiling revealed the enhanced expression levels of SOD, POD, CAT, GR, GPOX, APOX, PPOgenes in P.aeruginosa inoculated nematode infected seedlings by 53%, 2.7%, 64.1%, 10.4%,19.7%, 29.2%, 38.4% and B. gladioli inoculated seedlings by 18.3%,144%, 67%, 43%, 308%, 151% respectively.

Conclusions

The results therefore suggest the favourable aspects of micro-organisms in modulating growth characteristics and antioxidative defense expression of Lycopersicon esculentum to encounter oxidative stress generated under nematode infection.

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Abbreviations

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

CAT:

Catalase

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

GPOX:

Glutathione peroxidase

APOX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

POD:

Guaiacol peroxidase

PPO:

Polyphenol oxidase

WSA:

Water soluble Antioxidants

LSA:

Lipid soluble Antioxidants

ASA:

Ascorbic acid

GSH:

Glutathione

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

PPB:

Phosphate buffer

PI:

Potassium Iodide

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

CLSM:

Confocal laser scanning microscope

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding to the Research Group number (RGP-199).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India

    Kanika Khanna, Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli & Renu Bhardwaj

  2. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Canal Road, Jammu, 180 001, India

    Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal & Sumit G. Gandhi

  3. Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India

    Puja Ohri

  4. Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Leonard Wijaya & Parvaiz Ahmad

  5. Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Parvaiz Ahmad

Authors
  1. Kanika Khanna
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  2. Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
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  3. Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
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  4. Sumit G. Gandhi
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  5. Puja Ohri
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  6. Renu Bhardwaj
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  7. Leonard Wijaya
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  8. Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
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  9. Parvaiz Ahmad
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Contributions

Renu Bhardwaj, Kanika Khanna and Parvaiz Ahmad designed the experimental work. Kanika Khanna, Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli and Vijay Laxmi Jamwal performed the work. Sumit Gandhi, Leonard Wijaya and Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni analyzed the data. Puja Ohri, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, Parvaiz Ahmad and Renu Bhardwaj revised the manuscript to the present form.

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Correspondence to Renu Bhardwaj or Parvaiz Ahmad.

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Khanna, K., Jamwal, V.L., Kohli, S.K. et al. Role of plant growth promoting Bacteria (PGPRs) as biocontrol agents of Meloidogyne incognita through improved plant defense of Lycopersicon esculentum. Plant Soil 436, 325–345 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-03932-2

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