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Hydrogeochemical baseline in a human-altered landscape of the central Pacific coast of Costa Rica

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Abstract

Groundwater pollution in tropical and human-altered coastal landscapes is receiving novel attention due to decreasing in annual recharge as a consequence of recurrent droughts and overexploitation, whereby saline intrusion, point and diffuse source contamination, and water conflicts are common denominators. This study presents a detailed groundwater evaluation in a coastal aquifer within the central Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Three sampling campaigns including major ions, heavy metals, and fecal coliform analyses were conducted between July 2013 and March 2014 across 17 wells within the alluvial and fissured units of the Jacó aquifer. The groundwater system is classified as mixed HCO3−–Ca2+–Mg2+ type. Coliforms presence was found in two wells, nearby Mona Creek headwaters and near the coastal line. Heavy metal concentrations were below quantification limits in most of the wells; however, chromium concentrations up to 6.56 μg/L were quantified within the coastal line and central portion of the alluvial aquifer in 20 out of the 48 samples. The spatial distribution of major ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, and HCO3−) exhibited an increasing trend towards the central portion of the alluvial aquifer, which may be potentially associated with the large unregulated urban expansion, invoking a need of a continuous water quality monitoring program in this touristic hot spot. This study provides useful information for other similar coastal aquifers in Central America, whereby increasing population growth and unregulated touristic, industrial, and agricultural activities are posing a truly challenge to ensure water security and sustainability parallel to the economic development in a changing climate.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by the Research Office of Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica (SIA 0232-11) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (ARCAL RLA/7/016). We thank the Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, the Laboratory of Microbiology, and the Laboratory of Environmental Hydrology at Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica for helping with the chemical analyses, the microbiology screening, and the sampling logistics, respectively. We also thank C. Núñez-Solís and G. Moraga-López for their collaboration with the spatial analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, P.O. Box: 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica

    R. Sánchez-Gutiérrez

  2. Water Resources Management Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, P.O. Box: 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica

    R. Sánchez-Gutiérrez, L. Mena-Rivera & R. Sánchez-Murillo

  3. Stable Isotope Research Group, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, P.O. Box: 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica

    R. Sánchez-Murillo

  4. Laboratory of Environmental Hydrology, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, P.O. Box: 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica

    A. Fonseca-Sánchez & H. Madrigal-Solís

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R.S-G., L.M-R., A.F-S and H.M-S designed the study. R.S-G performed the experiments and data analysis with significant contribution of L.M-R and R.S-M. All the authors contributed to write the manuscript.

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Correspondence to L. Mena-Rivera.

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Sánchez-Gutiérrez, R., Mena-Rivera, L., Sánchez-Murillo, R. et al. Hydrogeochemical baseline in a human-altered landscape of the central Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Environ Geochem Health 42, 2685–2701 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00501-5

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