Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A contemporary review of male breast cancer: current evidence and unanswered questions

  • Published:
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Male breast cancer is rare, accounting for 1% of all breast cancer diagnoses in the USA. Because of its rarity, most major breast cancer trials have included only female patients. This has resulted in limited prospective data to guide the clinical management of men with breast cancer. As a result, treatment decisions are typically extrapolated from data generated in female patients. This approach may be suboptimal, particularly considering the differing hormonal milieus between men and women with respect to both breast cancer development and treatment. Herein, we summarize current knowledge of the biology and clinicopathology of male breast cancer and review current approaches to locoregional and systemic management of this rare disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2017). Cancer statistics, 2017. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 67(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Howlader, N., Noone, A., Krapcho, M., Miller, D., Bishop, K., Kosary, C., et al. (2017). SEER Cancer statistics review, 1975-2014, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site. Accessed 8/7/2017 2017.

  3. Korde, L. A., Zujewski, J. A., Kamin, L., Giordano, S., Domchek, S., Anderson, W. F., et al. (2010). Multidisciplinary meeting on male breast cancer: summary and research recommendations. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28(12), 2114–2122. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.25.5729.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Anderson, W. F., Althuis, M. D., Brinton, L. A., & Devesa, S. S. (2004). Is male breast cancer similar or different than female breast cancer? Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 83(1), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BREA.0000010701.08825.2d.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Couch, F. J., Farid, L. M., DeShano, M. L., Tavtigian, S. V., Calzone, K., Campeau, L., et al. (1996). BRCA2 germline mutations in male breast cancer cases and breast cancer families. Nature Genetics, 13(1), 123–125. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng0596-123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Syrjakoski, K., Kuukasjarvi, T., Waltering, K., Haraldsson, K., Auvinen, A., Borg, A., et al. (2004). BRCA2 mutations in 154 finnish male breast cancer patients. Neoplasia, 6(5), 541–545. https://doi.org/10.1593/neo.04193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Haraldsson, K., Loman, N., Zhang, Q. X., Johannsson, O., Olsson, H., & Borg, A. (1998). BRCA2 germ-line mutations are frequent in male breast cancer patients without a family history of the disease. Cancer Research, 58(7), 1367–1371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Thorlacius, S., Tryggvadottir, L., Olafsdottir, G. H., Jonasson, J. G., Ogmundsdottir, H. M., Tulinius, H., et al. (1995). Linkage to BRCA2 region in hereditary male breast cancer. Lancet, 346(8974), 544–545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wooster, R., Bignell, G., Lancaster, J., Swift, S., Seal, S., Mangion, J., et al. (1995). Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature, 378(6559), 789–792. https://doi.org/10.1038/378789a0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gargiulo, P., Pensabene, M., Milano, M., Arpino, G., Giuliano, M., Forestieri, V., et al. (2016). Long-term survival and BRCA status in male breast cancer: a retrospective single-center analysis. BMC Cancer, 16(1), 375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Pritzlaff, M., Summerour, P., McFarland, R., Li, S., Reineke, P., Dolinsky, J. S., et al. (2017). Male breast cancer in a multi-gene panel testing cohort: insights and unexpected results. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 161(3), 575–586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Breast Cancer Linkage, C. (1999). Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 91(15), 1310–1316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tai, Y. C., Domchek, S., Parmigiani, G., & Chen, S. (2007). Breast cancer risk among male BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 99(23), 1811–1814. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Brose, M. S., Rebbeck, T. R., Calzone, K. A., Stopfer, J. E., Nathanson, K. L., & Weber, B. L. (2002). Cancer risk estimates for BRCA1 mutation carriers identified in a risk evaluation program. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(18), 1365–1372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chodick, G., Struewing, J. P., Ron, E., Rutter, J. L., & Iscovich, J. (2008). Similar prevalence of founder BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi men with breast cancer: evidence from 261 cases in Israel, 1976-1999. European Journal of Medical Genetics, 51(2), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmg.2007.11.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Fackenthal, J. D., Marsh, D. J., Richardson, A. L., Cummings, S. A., Eng, C., Robinson, B. G., et al. (2001). Male breast cancer in Cowden syndrome patients with germline PTEN mutations. Journal of Medical Genetics, 38(3), 159–164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Anelli, A., Anelli, T. F., Youngson, B., Rosen, P. P., & Borgen, P. I. (1995). Mutations of the p53 gene in male breast cancer. Cancer, 75(9), 2233–2238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Meijers-Heijboer, H., van den Ouweland, A., Klijn, J., Wasielewski, M., de Snoo, A., Oldenburg, R., et al. (2002). Low-penetrance susceptibility to breast cancer due to CHEK2(*)1100delC in noncarriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Nature Genetics, 31(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng879.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Evans, D. B., & Crichlow, R. W. (1987). Carcinoma of the male breast and Klinefelter’s syndrome: is there an association? CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 37(4), 246–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hultborn, R., Hanson, C., Kopf, I., Verbiene, I., Warnhammar, E., & Weimarck, A. (1997). Prevalence of Klinefelter’s syndrome in male breast cancer patients. Anticancer Research, 17(6D), 4293–4297.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Network, N. C. C. Genetic/familial high-risk assessment: Breast and ovarian (Version 1.2018). genetic/familial high-risk assessment 1.2018. Accessed November 10, 2017.

  22. Llort, G., Chirivella, I., Morales, R., Serrano, R., Sanchez, A. B., Teulé, A., et al. (2015). SEOM clinical guidelines in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 17(12), 956–961.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Vermeulen, M. A., Slaets, L., Cardoso, F., Giordano, S. H., Tryfonidis, K., van Diest, P. J., et al. (2017). Pathological characterisation of male breast cancer: results of the EORTC 10085/TBCRC/BIG/NABCG international male breast Cancer program. European Journal of Cancer, 82, 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cardoso, F., Bartlett, J. M. S., Slaets, L., van Deurzen, C. H. M., van Leeuwen-Stok, E., Porter, P., et al. (2017). Characterization of male breast cancer: results of the EORTC 10085/TBCRC/BIG/NABCG international male breast cancer program. Annals of oncology, mdx651-mdx651, doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx651.

  25. Culell, P., Solernou, L., Tarazona, J., Roma, J., Martí, E., Miguel, A., et al. (2007). Male breast cancer: a multicentric study. The Breast Journal, 13(2), 213–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fields, E. C., DeWitt, P., Fisher, C. M., & Rabinovitch, R. (2013). Management of male breast cancer in the United States: a surveillance, epidemiology and end results analysis. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 87(4), 747–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Giordano, S. H., Cohen, D. S., Buzdar, A. U., Perkins, G., & Hortobagyi, G. N. (2004). Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study. Cancer, 101(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Shaaban, A. M., Ball, G. R., Brannan, R. A., Cserni, G., Di Benedetto, A., Dent, J., et al. (2012). A comparative biomarker study of 514 matched cases of male and female breast cancer reveals gender-specific biological differences. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 133(3), 949–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-011-1856-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Burga, A. M., Fadare, O., Lininger, R. A., & Tavassoli, F. A. (2006). Invasive carcinomas of the male breast: a morphologic study of the distribution of histologic subtypes and metastatic patterns in 778 cases. Virchows Archiv, 449(5), 507–512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-006-0305-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Weigelt, B., Geyer, F. C., & Reis-Filho, J. S. (2010). Histological types of breast cancer: how special are they? Molecular Oncology, 4(3), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2010.04.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Rakha, E. A., Reis-Filho, J. S., Baehner, F., Dabbs, D. J., Decker, T., Eusebi, V., et al. (2010). Breast cancer prognostic classification in the molecular era: the role of histological grade. Breast Cancer Research, 12(4), 207. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Network, C. G. A. (2012). Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature, 490(7418), 61–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Callari, M., Cappelletti, V., De Cecco, L., Musella, V., Miodini, P., Veneroni, S., et al. (2011). Gene expression analysis reveals a different transcriptomic landscape in female and male breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 127(3), 601–610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Johansson, I., Nilsson, C., Berglund, P., Lauss, M., Ringnér, M., Olsson, H., et al. (2012). Gene expression profiling of primary male breast cancers reveals two unique subgroups and identifies N-acetyltransferase-1 (NAT1) as a novel prognostic biomarker. Breast Cancer Research, 14(1), R31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Piscuoglio, S., Ng, C. K., Murray, M. P., Guerini-Rocco, E., Martelotto, L. G., Geyer, F. C., et al. (2016). The genomic landscape of male breast cancers. Clinical Cancer Research, 22(16), 4045–4056.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Denkert, C., von Minckwitz, G., Darb-Esfahani, S., Ingold Heppner, B., Klauschen, F., Furlanetto, J., et al. (2017). Abstract S1-09: Evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) as predictive and prognostic biomarker in different subtypes of breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy - a metaanalysis of 3771 patients. Cancer research, 77(4 Supplement), S1-09-S01-09, doi:https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-s1-09.

  37. Denkert, C., Loibl, S., Noske, A., Roller, M., Muller, B. M., Komor, M., et al. (2010). Tumor-associated lymphocytes as an independent predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28(1), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.23.7370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Yamaguchi, R., Tanaka, M., Yano, A., Tse, G. M., Yamaguchi, M., Koura, K., et al. (2012). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are important pathologic predictors for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Human Pathology, 43(10), 1688–1694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2011.12.013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. West, N. R., Milne, K., Truong, P. T., Macpherson, N., Nelson, B. H., & Watson, P. H. (2011). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to anthracycline-based chemotherapy in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 13(6), R126. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3072.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Ono, M., Tsuda, H., Shimizu, C., Yamamoto, S., Shibata, T., Yamamoto, H., et al. (2012). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are correlated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 132(3), 793–805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-011-1554-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Loi, S., Sirtaine, N., Piette, F., Salgado, R., Viale, G., Van Eenoo, F., et al. (2013). Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in a phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trial in node-positive breast cancer comparing the addition of docetaxel to doxorubicin with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy: BIG 02-98. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 31(7), 860–867. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.41.0902.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Loi, S., Michiels, S., Salgado, R., Sirtaine, N., Jose, V., Fumagalli, D., et al. (2014). Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are prognostic in triple negative breast cancer and predictive for trastuzumab benefit in early breast cancer: results from the FinHER trial. Annals of Oncology, 25(8), 1544–1550. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Adams, S., Gray, R. J., Demaria, S., Goldstein, L., Perez, E. A., Shulman, L. N., et al. (2014). Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancers from two phase III randomized adjuvant breast cancer trials: ECOG 2197 and ECOG 1199. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32(27), 2959–2966. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.55.0491.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Pruneri, G., Vingiani, A., Bagnardi, V., Rotmensz, N., De Rose, A., Palazzo, A., et al. (2016). Clinical validity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes analysis in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO, 27(2), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv571.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Montagna, E., Vingiani, A., Maisonneuve, P., Cancello, G., Contaldo, F., Pruneri, G., et al. (2017). Unfavorable prognostic role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in hormone-receptor positive, HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer treated with metronomic chemotherapy. Breast, 34, 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2017.05.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Lee, A. H., Gillett, C. E., Ryder, K., Fentiman, I. S., Miles, D. W., & Millis, R. R. (2006). Different patterns of inflammation and prognosis in invasive carcinoma of the breast. Histopathology, 48(6), 692–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02410.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Salgado, R., Denkert, C., Demaria, S., Sirtaine, N., Klauschen, F., Pruneri, G., et al. (2015). The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014. Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO, 26(2), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdu450.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Zhou, F. F., Xia, L. P., Guo, G. F., Wang, X., Yuan, Z. Y., Zhang, B., et al. (2010). Changes in therapeutic strategies in Chinese male patients with breast cancer: 40 years of experience in a single institute. Breast, 19(6), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2010.04.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Schaub, N. P., Maloney, N., Schneider, H., Feliberti, E., & Perry, R. (2008). Changes in male breast cancer over a 30-year period. The American Surgeon, 74(8), 707–711 discussion 711-702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Scott-Conner, C. E., Jochimsen, P. R., Menck, H. R., & Winchester, D. J. (1999). An analysis of male and female breast cancer treatment and survival among demographically identical pairs of patients. Surgery, 126(4), 775–780 discussion 780-771.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sousa, B., Moser, E., & Cardoso, F. (2013). An update on male breast cancer and future directions for research and treatment. European Journal of Pharmacology, 717(1–3), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.037.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Vaysse, C., Sroussi, J., Mallon, P., Feron, J., Rivain, A., Ngo, C., et al. (2012). Prediction of axillary lymph node status in male breast carcinoma. Annals of Oncology, 24(2), 370–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Leone, J. P., Leone, J., Zwenger, A. O., Iturbe, J., Vallejo, C. T., & Leone, B. A. (2015). Prognostic significance of tumor subtypes in male breast cancer: a population-based study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 152(3), 601–609.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gargiulo, P., Pensabene, M., Milano, M., Arpino, G., Giuliano, M., Forestieri, V., et al. (2016). Long-term survival and BRCA status in male breast cancer: a retrospective single-center analysis. BMC Cancer, 16, 375–375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Golshan, M., Rusby, J., Dominguez, F., & Smith, B. L. (2007). Breast conservation for male breast carcinoma. The Breast, 16(6), 653–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Boughey, J. C., Bedrosian, I., Meric-Bernstam, F., Ross, M. I., Kuerer, H. M., Akins, J. S., et al. (2006). Comparative analysis of sentinel lymph node operation in male and female breast cancer patients. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 203(4), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.06.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cimmino, V. M., Degnim, A. C., Sabel, M. S., Diehl, K. M., Newman, L. A., & Chang, A. E. (2004). Efficacy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in male breast cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 86(2), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.20045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cutuli, B., Le-Nir, C. C., Serin, D., Kirova, Y., Gaci, Z., Lemanski, C., et al. (2010). Male breast cancer. Evolution of treatment and prognostic factors. Analysis of 489 cases. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 73(3), 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.04.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Gentilini, O., Chagas, E., Zurrida, S., Intra, M., De Cicco, C., Gatti, G., et al. (2007). Sentinel lymph node biopsy in male patients with early breast cancer. Oncologist, 12(5), 512–515. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.12-5-512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Flynn, L. W., Park, J., Patil, S. M., Cody 3rd, H. S., & Port, E. R. (2008). Sentinel lymph node biopsy is successful and accurate in male breast carcinoma. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 206(4), 616–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Albo, D., Ames, F. C., Hunt, K. K., Ross, M. I., Singletary, S. E., & Kuerer, H. M. (2003). Evaluation of lymph node status in male breast cancer patients: a role for sentinel lymph node biopsy. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 77(1), 9–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Goyal, A., Horgan, K., Kissin, M., Yiangou, C., Sibbering, M., Lansdown, M., et al. (2004). Sentinel lymph node biopsy in male breast cancer patients. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 30(5), 480–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2004.02.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Port, E. R., Fey, J. V., Cody 3rd, H. S., & Borgen, P. I. (2001). Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with male breast carcinoma. Cancer, 91(2), 319–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. De Cicco, C., Baio, S. M., Veronesi, P., Trifiro, G., Ciprian, A., Vento, A., et al. (2004). Sentinel node biopsy in male breast cancer. Nuclear Medicine Communications, 25(2), 139–143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rusby, J. E., Smith, B. L., Dominguez, F. J., & Golshan, M. (2006). Sentinel lymph node biopsy in men with breast cancer: a report of 31 consecutive procedures and review of the literature. Clinical Breast Cancer, 7(5), 406–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Giuliano, A. E., Ballman, K. V., McCall, L., Beitsch, P. D., Brennan, M. B., Kelemen, P. R., et al. (2017). Effect of axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection on 10-year overall survival among women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: the ACOSOG Z0011 (Alliance) randomized clinical trial. Jama, 318(10), 918–926.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Donker, M., van Tienhoven, G., Straver, M. E., Meijnen, P., van de Velde, C. J., Mansel, R. E., et al. (2014). Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981-22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. The Lancet Oncology, 15(12), 1303–1310.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Bratman, S. V., Kapp, D. S., & Horst, K. C. (2012). Evolving trends in the initial locoregional management of male breast cancer. The Breast, 21(3), 296–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Abrams, M. J., Koffer, P. P., Wazer, D. E., & Hepel, J. T. (2017). Postmastectomy radiation therapy is associated with improved survival in node-positive male breast cancer: a population analysis. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 98(2), 384–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Stranzl, H., Mayer, R., Quehenberger, F., Prettenhofer, U., Willfurth, P., Stoger, H., et al. (1999). Adjuvant radiotherapy in male breast cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 53(1), 29–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Atalay, C., Kanlioz, M., & Altinok, M. (2003). Prognostic factors affecting survival in male breast cancer. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 22(1), 29–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Yu, E., Suzuki, H., Younus, J., Elfiki, T., Stitt, L., Yau, G., et al. (2012). The impact of post-mastectomy radiation therapy on male breast cancer patients--a case series. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 82(2), 696–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.01.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Gradishar, W. J., Anderson, B. O., Balassanian, R., Blair, S. L., Burstein, H. J., Cyr, A., et al. (2017). NCCN guidelines insights: breast cancer, version 1.2017. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 15(4), 433–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Recht, A., Comen, E. A., Fine, R. E., Fleming, G. F., Hardenbergh, P. H., Ho, A. Y., et al. (2016). Postmastectomy radiotherapy: an american society of clinical oncology, american society for radiation oncology, and society of surgical oncology focused guideline update. Practical Radiation Oncology, 6(6), e219–e234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. McGale, P., Taylor, C., Correa, C., Cutter, D., Duane, F., Ewertz, M., et al. (2014). Effect of radiotherapy after mastectomy and axillary surgery on 10-year recurrence and 20-year breast cancer mortality: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 8135 women in 22 randomised trials. Elsevier.

  76. Marks, L. B., & Prosnitz, L. R. (2013). Reducing local therapy in patients responding to preoperative systemic therapy: are we outsmarting ourselves? Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32(6), 491–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. White, J., & Mamounas, E. (2013). Locoregional radiotherapy in patients with breast cancer responding to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a paradigm for treatment individualization. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 32(6), 494–495.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Haviland, J. S., Owen, J. R., Dewar, J. A., Agrawal, R. K., Barrett, J., Barrett-Lee, P. J., et al. (2013). The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) trials of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: 10-year follow-up results of two randomised controlled trials. The Lancet Oncology, 14(11), 1086–1094.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Whelan, T. J., Pignol, J.-P., Levine, M. N., Julian, J. A., MacKenzie, R., Parpia, S., et al. (2010). Long-term results of hypofractionated radiation therapy for breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(6), 513–520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Bartelink, H., Maingon, P., Poortmans, P., Weltens, C., Fourquet, A., Jager, J., et al. (2015). Whole-breast irradiation with or without a boost for patients treated with breast-conserving surgery for early breast cancer: 20-year follow-up of a randomised phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 16(1), 47–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Kunkler, I. H., Williams, L. J., Jack, W. J., Cameron, D. A., Dixon, J. M., & Investigators, P. I. (2015). Breast-conserving surgery with or without irradiation in women aged 65 years or older with early breast cancer (PRIME II): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Oncology, 16(3), 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71221-5.

  82. Hughes, K. S., Schnaper, L. A., Bellon, J. R., Cirrincione, C. T., Berry, D. A., McCormick, B., et al. (2013). Lumpectomy plus tamoxifen with or without irradiation in women age 70 years or older with early breast cancer: long-term follow-up of CALGB 9343. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(19), 2382–2387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Coles, C. E., Griffin, C. L., Kirby, A. M., Titley, J., Agrawal, R. K., Alhasso, A., et al. (2017). Partial-breast radiotherapy after breast conservation surgery for patients with early breast cancer (UK IMPORT LOW trial): 5-year results from a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet, 390(10099), 1048–1060.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Strnad, V., Ott, O. J., Hildebrandt, G., Kauer-Dorner, D., Knauerhase, H., Major, T., et al. (2016). 5-year results of accelerated partial breast irradiation using sole interstitial multicatheter brachytherapy versus whole-breast irradiation with boost after breast-conserving surgery for low-risk invasive and in-situ carcinoma of the female breast: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. The Lancet, 387(10015), 229–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Hieken, T. J., Mutter, R. W., Jakub, J. W., Boughey, J. C., Degnim, A. C., Sukov, W. R., et al. (2016). A novel treatment schedule for rapid completion of surgery and radiation in early-stage breast cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 23(10), 3297–3303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Darby, S. C., Ewertz, M., McGale, P., Bennet, A. M., Blom-Goldman, U., Brønnum, D., et al. (2013). Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(11), 987–998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Taylor, C., Correa, C., Duane, F. K., Aznar, M. C., Anderson, S. J., Bergh, J., et al. (2017). Estimating the risks of breast cancer radiotherapy: evidence from modern radiation doses to the lungs and heart and from previous randomized trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35(15), 1641–1649.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Beck, R. E., Kim, L., Yue, N. J., Haffty, B. G., Khan, A. J., & Goyal, S. (2014). Treatment techniques to reduce cardiac irradiation for breast cancer patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy: a review. Frontiers in oncology, 4.

  89. MacDonald, S. M., Patel, S. A., Hickey, S., Specht, M., Isakoff, S. J., Gadd, M., et al. (2013). Proton therapy for breast cancer after mastectomy: early outcomes of a prospective clinical trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics, 86(3), 484–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Mutter, R. W., Remmes, N. B., Kahila, M. M., Hoeft, K. A., Pafundi, D. H., Zhang, Y., et al. (2017). Initial clinical experience of postmastectomy intensity modulated proton therapy in patients with breast expanders with metallic ports. Practical Radiation Oncology, 7(4), e243–e252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Giordano, S. H., Perkins, G. H., Broglio, K., Garcia, S. G., Middleton, L. P., Buzdar, A. U., et al. (2005). Adjuvant systemic therapy for male breast carcinoma. Cancer, 104(11), 2359–2364. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.21526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ribeiro, G., & Swindell, R. (1992). Adjuvant tamoxifen for male breast cancer (MBC). British Journal of Cancer, 65(2), 252–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Goss, P. E., Reid, C., Pintilie, M., Lim, R., & Miller, N. (1999). Male breast carcinoma: a review of 229 patients who presented to the Princess Margaret Hospital during 40 years: 1955-1996. Cancer, 85(3), 629–639.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ribeiro, G. (1985). Male breast carcinoma--a review of 301 cases from the Christie Hospital & Holt Radium Institute, Manchester. British Journal of Cancer, 51(1), 115–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Eggemann, H., Ignatov, A., Smith, B. J., Altmann, U., von Minckwitz, G., Rohl, F. W., et al. (2013). Adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen compared to aromatase inhibitors for 257 male breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 137(2), 465–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-2355-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Davies, C., Pan, H., Godwin, J., Gray, R., Arriagada, R., Raina, V., et al. Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial. The Lancet, 381(9869), 805–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61963-1.

  97. Gray, R. G., Rea, D., Handley, K., Bowden, S. J., Perry, P., Earl, H. M., et al. (2013). aTTom: long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years in 6,953 women with early breast cancer. American Society of Clinical Oncology.

  98. Pemmaraju, N., Munsell, M., Hortobagyi, G., & Giordano, S. (2011). Retrospective review of male breast cancer patients: analysis of tamoxifen-related side-effects. Annals of Oncology, 23(6), 1471–1474.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Visram, H., Kanji, F., & Dent, S. (2010). Endocrine therapy for male breast cancer: rates of toxicity and adherence. Current Oncology, 17(5), 17.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Moredo Anelli, T. F., Anelli, A., Tran, K. N., Lebwohl, D. E., & Borgen, P. I. (1994). Tamoxifen adminstration is associated with a high rate of treatment-limiting symptoms in male breast cancer patients. Cancer, 74(1), 74–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Ruddy, K. J., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Giordano, S. H., Goldfarb, S., Kereakoglow, S., Winer, E. P., et al. (2013). Quality of life and symptoms in male breast cancer survivors. The Breast, 22(2), 197–199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Bagley, C. S., Wesley, M. N., Young, R. C., & Lippman, M. E. (1987). Adjuvant chemotherapy in males with cancer of the breast. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 10(1), 55–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Walshe, J. M., Berman, A. W., Vatas, U., Steinberg, S. M., Anderson, W. F., Lippman, M. E., et al. (2007). A prospective study of adjuvant CMF in males with node positive breast cancer: 20-year follow-up. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 103(2), 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9363-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Yildirim, E., & Berberoglu, U. (1998). Male breast cancer: a 22-year experience. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 24(6), 548–552.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Patel 2nd, H. Z., Buzdar, A. U., & Hortobagyi, G. N. (1989). Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in male breast cancer. Cancer, 64(8), 1583–1585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Shak, S., Palmer, G., Baehner, F. L., Millward, C., Watson, D., & Sledge Jr., G. W. (2009). Molecular characterization of male breast cancer by standardized quantitative RT-PCR analysis: First large genomic study of 347 male breast cancers compared to 82,434 female breast cancers. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27(15_suppl), 549–549. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Grenader, T., Yerushalmi, R., Tokar, M., Fried, G., Kaufman, B., Peretz, T., et al. (2014). The 21-gene recurrence score assay (Oncotype DX™) in estrogen receptor-positive male breast cancer: experience in an Israeli cohort. Oncology, 87(1), 1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Peethambaram, P. P., Hoskin, T. L., Day, C. N., Goetz, M. P., Habermann, E. B., & Boughey, J. C. (2017). Use of 21-gene recurrence score assay to individualize adjuvant chemotherapy recommendations in ER+/HER2− node positive breast cancer—a National Cancer Database study. NPJ breast cancer, 3, 41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Gianni, L., Pienkowski, T., Im, Y. H., Roman, L., Tseng, L. M., Liu, M. C., et al. (2012). Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a randomised multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 13(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70336-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Baselga, J., Bradbury, I., Eidtmann, H., Di Cosimo, S., de Azambuja, E., Aura, C., et al. (2012). Lapatinib with trastuzumab for HER2-positive early breast cancer (NeoALTTO): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 379(9816), 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61847-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. von Minckwitz, G., Procter, M., de Azambuja, E., Zardavas, D., Benyunes, M., Viale, G., et al. (2017). Adjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in early HER2-positive breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377(2), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Chan, A., Delaloge, S., Holmes, F. A., Moy, B., Iwata, H., Harvey, V. J., et al. (2016). Neratinib after trastuzumab-based adjuvant therapy in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer (ExteNET): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 17(3), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00551-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Dear, R. F., McGeechan, K., Jenkins, M. C., Barratt, A., Tattersall, M. H., & Wilcken, N. (2013). Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD008792. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008792.pub2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Treves, N. (1959). The treatment of cancer, especially inoperable cancer, of the male breast by ablative surgery (orchiectomy, adrenalec tomy, and hypophysectomy) and hormone therapy (estrogens and corticosteroids); an analysis of 42 patients. Cancer, 12(4), 820–832.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Neifeld, J. P., Meyskens, F., Tormey, D. C., & Javadpour, N. (1976). The role of orchiectomy in the management of advanced male breast cancer. Cancer, 37(2), 992–995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Kraybill, W. G., Kaufman, R., & Kinne, D. (1981). Treatment of advanced male breast cancer. Cancer, 47(9), 2185–2189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Kantarjian, H., Yap, H. Y., Hortobagyi, G., Buzdar, A., & Blumenschein, G. (1983). Hormonal therapy for metastatic male breast cancer. Archives of Internal Medicine, 143(2), 237–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Izquierdo, M. A., Alonso, C., De Andres, L., & Ojeda, B. (1994). Male breast cancer. Report of a series of 50 cases. Acta Oncologica, 33(7), 767–771.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Patterson, J. S., Battersby, L. A., & Bach, B. K. (1980). Use of tamoxifen in advanced male breast cancer. Cancer Treatment Reports, 64(6–7), 801–804.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Jaiyesimi, I. A., Buzdar, A. U., Sahin, A. A., & Ross, M. A. (1992). Carcinoma of the male breast. Annals of Internal Medicine, 117(9), 771–777.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Pemmaraju, N., Munsell, M. F., Hortobagyi, G. N., & Giordano, S. H. (2012). Retrospective review of male breast cancer patients: analysis of tamoxifen-related side-effects. Annals of Oncology, 23(6), 1471–1474. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdr459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Giordano, S. H., Valero, V., Buzdar, A. U., & Hortobagyi, G. N. (2002). Efficacy of anastrozole in male breast cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 25(3), 235–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Italiano, A., Largillier, R., Marcy, P. Y., Foa, C., Ferrero, J. M., Hartmann, M. T., et al. (2004). Complete remission obtained with letrozole in a man with metastatic breast cancer. La Revue de Médecine Interne, 25(4), 323–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2003.12.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Zabolotny, B. P., Zalai, C. V., & Meterissian, S. H. (2005). Successful use of letrozole in male breast cancer: a case report and review of hormonal therapy for male breast cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 90(1), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.20233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Doyen, J., Italiano, A., Largillier, R., Ferrero, J. M., Fontana, X., & Thyss, A. (2010). Aromatase inhibition in male breast cancer patients: biological and clinical implications. Annals of Oncology, 21(6), 1243–1245. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdp450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Giordano, S. H., & Hortobagyi, G. N. (2006). Leuprolide acetate plus aromatase inhibition for male breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24(21), e42–e43. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.07.2397.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Hemsell, D. L., Grodin, J. M., Brenner, P. F., Siiteri, P. K., & MacDonald, P. C. (1974). Plasma precursors of estrogen. II. Correlation of the extent of conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone with age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 38(3), 476–479. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-38-3-476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Nordman, I. C., & Dalley, D. N. (2008). Breast cancer in men: should aromatase inhibitors become first-line hormonal treatment? The Breast Journal, 14(6), 562–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4741.2008.00648.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Mauras, N., O'Brien, K. O., Klein, K. O., & Hayes, V. (2000). Estrogen suppression in males: metabolic effects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(7), 2370–2377. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.7.6676.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Zagouri, F., Sergentanis, T. N., Chrysikos, D., Dimopoulos, M. A., & Psaltopoulou, T. (2015). Fulvestrant and male breast cancer: a pooled analysis. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 149(1), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-3240-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Finn, R. S., Crown, J. P., Lang, I., Boer, K., Bondarenko, I. M., Kulyk, S. O., et al. (2015). The cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole alone as first-line treatment of oestrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative, advanced breast cancer (PALOMA-1/TRIO-18): a randomised phase 2 study. The Lancet Oncology, 16(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71159-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Finn, R. S., Martin, M., Rugo, H. S., Jones, S., Im, S. A., Gelmon, K., et al. (2016). Palbociclib and letrozole in advanced breast Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(20), 1925–1936. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Turner, N. C., Ro, J., Andre, F., Loi, S., Verma, S., Iwata, H., et al. (2015). Palbociclib in hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 373(3), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1505270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Hortobagyi, G. N., Stemmer, S. M., Burris, H. A., Yap, Y. S., Sonke, G. S., Paluch-Shimon, S., et al. (2016). Ribociclib as first-line therapy for HR-positive, advanced breast Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(18), 1738–1748. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1609709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Goetz, M. P., Toi, M., Campone, M., Sohn, J., Paluch-Shimon, S., Huober, J., et al. (2017). MONARCH 3: abemaciclib as initial therapy for advanced breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, JCO. 2017.2075. 6155.

  136. Dickler, M. N., Tolaney, S. M., Rugo, H. S., Cortes, J., Diéras, V., Patt, D. A., et al. (2016). MONARCH1: Results from a phase II study of abemaciclib, a CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor, as monotherapy, in patients with HR+/HER2-breast cancer, after chemotherapy for advanced disease. American Society of Clinical Oncology.

  137. Sorscher, S. (2016). A first case of male breast Cancer responding to combined aromatase inhibitor/palbociclib therapy. International Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research, 3(7).

  138. Baselga, J., Campone, M., Piccart, M., Burris 3rd, H. A., Rugo, H. S., Sahmoud, T., et al. (2012). Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366(6), 520–529. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109653.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Bachelot, T., Bourgier, C., Cropet, C., Ray-Coquard, I., Ferrero, J. M., Freyer, G., et al. (2012). Randomized phase II trial of everolimus in combination with tamoxifen in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer with prior exposure to aromatase inhibitors: a GINECO study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(22), 2718–2724. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.39.0708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Ballatore, Z., Pistelli, M., Battelli, N., Pagliacci, A., De Lisa, M., Berardi, R., et al. (2016). Everolimus and exemestane in long survival hormone receptor positive male breast cancer: case report. BMC Research Notes, 9(1), 497. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2301-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  141. Kattan, J., & Kourie, H. R. (2014). The use of everolimus to reverse tamoxifen resistance in men with metastatic breast cancer: a case report. Investigational New Drugs, 32(5), 1046–1047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-014-0133-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Giotta, F., Acito, L., Candeloro, G., Del Medico, P., Gadaleta-Caldarola, G., Giordano, G., et al. (2016). Eribulin in male patients with breast cancer: the first report of clinical outcomes. The Oncologist, 21(11), 1298–1305.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Yap, H.-Y., Tashima, C. K., Blumenschein, G. R., Hortobagyi, G. N., & Eckles, N. (1980). Chemotherapy for advanced male breast cancer. Jama, 243(17), 1739–1741.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Rudlowski, C., Rath, W., Becker, A. J., Wiestler, O. D., & Buttner, R. (2001). Trastuzumab and breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 345(13), 997–998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Carmona-Bayonas, A. (2007). Potential benefit of maintenance trastuzumab and anastrozole therapy in male advanced breast cancer. Breast, 16(3), 323–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2006.12.010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Hayashi, H., Kimura, M., Yoshimoto, N., Tsuzuki, M., Tsunoda, N., Fujita, T., et al. (2009). A case of HER2-positive male breast cancer with lung metastases showing a good response to trastuzumab and paclitaxel treatment. Breast Cancer, 16(2), 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-008-0060-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Farrow, J. H., & Adair, F. E. (1942). Effect of orchidectomy on skeletal metastases from cancer of the male breast. Science (New York, NY), 95(2478), 654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Kidwai, N., Gong, Y., Sun, X., Deshpande, C. G., Yeldandi, A. V., Rao, M. S., et al. (2003). Expression of androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen in male breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Research, 6(1), R18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  149. Di Lauro, L., Barba, M., Pizzuti, L., Vici, P., Sergi, D., Di Benedetto, A., et al. (2015). Androgen receptor and antiandrogen therapy in male breast cancer. Cancer Letters, 368(1), 20–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Lopez, M., Natali, M., Lauro, L. D., Vici, P., Pignatti, F., & Carpano, S. (1993). Combined treatment with buserelin and cyproterone acetate in metastatic male breast cancer. Cancer, 72(2), 502–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Di Lauro, L., Vici, P., Barba, M., Pizzuti, L., Sergi, D., Rinaldi, M., et al. (2014). Antiandrogen therapy in metastatic male breast cancer: results from an updated analysis in an expanded case series. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 148(1), 73–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Panet-Raymond, V., Gottlieb, B., Beitel, L. K., Pinsky, L., & Trifiro, M. A. (2000). Interactions between androgen and estrogen receptors and the effects on their transactivational properties. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 167(1–2), 139–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Robinson, J. L., Macarthur, S., Ross-Innes, C. S., Tilley, W. D., Neal, D. E., Mills, I. G., et al. (2011). Androgen receptor driven transcription in molecular apocrine breast cancer is mediated by FoxA1. The EMBO Journal, 30(15), 3019–3027. https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  154. Elebro, K., Borgquist, S., Simonsson, M., Markkula, A., Jirstrom, K., Ingvar, C., et al. (2015). Combined androgen and estrogen receptor status in breast cancer: treatment prediction and prognosis in a population-based prospective cohort. Clinical Cancer Research, 21(16), 3640–3650. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2564.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Cochrane, D. R., Bernales, S., Jacobsen, B. M., Cittelly, D. M., Howe, E. N., D'Amato, N. C., et al. (2014). Role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer and preclinical analysis of enzalutamide. Breast Cancer Research, 16(1), R7. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3599.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Kwiatkowska, E., Teresiak, M., Filas, V., Karczewska, A., Breborowicz, D., & Mackiewicz, A. (2003). BRCA2 mutations and androgen receptor expression as independent predictors of outcome of male breast cancer patients. Clinical Cancer Research, 9(12), 4452–4459.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Di Lauro, L., Pizzuti, L., Barba, M., Sergi, D., Sperduti, I., Mottolese, M., et al. (2015). Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in metastatic male breast cancer: results from a pooled analysis. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 8(1), 53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Robson, M., Im, S.-A., Senkus, E., Xu, B., Domchek, S. M., Masuda, N., et al. (2017). Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with a germline BRCA mutation. New England Journal of Medicine.

  159. Litton, J., Rugo, H. S., Hurvitz, S., Gonçalves, A., Lee, K.-H., Fehrenbacher, L., et al. EMBRACA: a phase 3 trial comparing talazoparib, an oral PARP inhibitor, to physician’s choice of therapy in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. In San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, San Antonio, TX, 2017 (Vol. Oral Session: General Session 6).

  160. Pujade-Lauraine, E., Ledermann, J. A., Selle, F., Gebski, V., Penson, R. T., Oza, A. M., et al. (2017). Olaparib tablets as maintenance therapy in patients with platinum-sensitive, relapsed ovarian cancer and a BRCA1/2 mutation (SOLO2/ENGOT-Ov21): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 18(9), 1274–1284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Swisher, E. M., Lin, K. K., Oza, A. M., Scott, C. L., Giordano, H., Sun, J., et al. (2017). Rucaparib in relapsed, platinum-sensitive high-grade ovarian carcinoma (ARIEL2 part 1): an international, multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 18(1), 75–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Mirza, M. R., Monk, B. J., Herrstedt, J., Oza, A. M., Mahner, S., Redondo, A., et al. (2016). Niraparib maintenance therapy in platinum-sensitive, recurrent ovarian cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(22), 2154–2164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Mateo, J., Carreira, S., Sandhu, S., Miranda, S., Mossop, H., Perez-Lopez, R., et al. (2015). DNA-repair defects and olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2015(373), 1697–1708.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Ferzoco, R. M., & Ruddy, K. J. (2015). Optimal delivery of male breast cancer follow-up care: improving outcomes. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy, 7, 371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Loren, A. W., Mangu, P. B., Beck, L. N., Brennan, L., Magdalinski, A. J., Partridge, A. H., et al. (2013). Fertility preservation for patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(19), 2500–2510.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  166. Grenader, T., Goldberg, A., & Shavit, L. (2008). Second cancers in patients with male breast cancer: a literature review. Journal of Cancer Survivorship, 2(2), 73–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Auvinen, A., Curtis, R. E., & Ron, E. (2002). Risk of subsequent cancer following breast cancer in men. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 94(17), 1330–1332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Giordano, S. H., Buzdar, A. U., & Hortobagyi, G. N. (2002). Breast cancer in men. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137(8), 678–687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Estala, S. M. (2006). Proposed screening recommendations for male breast cancer. The Nurse Practitioner, 31(2), 62–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Farrell, E., Borstelmann, N., Meyer, F., Partridge, A., Winer, E., & Ruddy, K. (2014). Male breast cancer networking and telephone support group: A model for supporting a unique population. Psycho-Oncology, 23(8), 956–958.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    Roberto A. Leon-Ferre, Karthik V. Giridhar & Kathryn J. Ruddy

  2. Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    Tina J. Hieken & Judy C. Boughey

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    Robert W. Mutter

  4. Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    Fergus J. Couch & Rafael E. Jimenez

  5. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    John R. Hawse

Authors
  1. Roberto A. Leon-Ferre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Karthik V. Giridhar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tina J. Hieken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert W. Mutter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fergus J. Couch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Rafael E. Jimenez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. John R. Hawse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Judy C. Boughey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Kathryn J. Ruddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roberto A. Leon-Ferre.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Leon-Ferre, R.A., Giridhar, K.V., Hieken, T.J. et al. A contemporary review of male breast cancer: current evidence and unanswered questions. Cancer Metastasis Rev 37, 599–614 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-018-9761-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-018-9761-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation