Abstract
Procamallanus is a species-rich genus of parasitic nematodes of marine, brackish, and freshwater fishes, occurring also occasionally in amphibians and reptiles. In the Neotropical region, this genus is highly diverse, with species described from a wide range of fish families. In this study, we reassess the taxonomic status of Procamallanus rebecae with molecular and morphological data and describe a new species endemic to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. We analyzed all Procamallanus isolated from fish from the Nicaraguan lakes and some rivers in Costa Rica after an exhaustive analysis of their freshwater fish endoparasite fauna. Procamallanus rebecae is a host-specific parasite of Middle American cichlids, previously reported in southern Mexico, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. We therefore compared these Central American specimens with individuals of P. rebecae collected in cichlids from southeastern Mexico using two genomic regions (28S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, COI). We found high levels of sequence divergence between Procamallanus from the two geographical regions, with up to 9.8 and 10.5% for both genetic markers, respectively. We also analyzed their morphology and found conspicuous differences in the shape of the mouth and the structure of the female cauda. We therefore describe the specimens of Procamallanus from Central American cichlids as a new species. Both Procamallanus species occur in different cichlid species and are allopatrically distributed. The host specificity and ancient association patterns between cichlids and Procamallanus and the jointly colonization of both hosts and parasites during their northern dispersal from South America are briefly discussed.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Brenda Solórzano, Mariana Leal Cardín, Jhonatan Cabañas, Yanet Velázquez, Carlos Lozano, and the Universidad Centroamericana in Managua, Nicaragua, for their help in the field. Martin García-Varela, Jesus Hernández-Orts, and Leopoldo Andrade Gómez for donating specimens of Procamallanus from Costa Rica. We also thank Berenit Mendoza Garfías for her help taking SEM photomicrographs; Laura Márquez and Nelly López (Instituto de Biología, UNAM), Maria Luisa del Pozo and Iván Acevedo (MNCN, Madrid) helped with molecular work. Thanks also to Luis García for the loan of specimens from the Colección Nacional de Helmintos (CNHE, Mexico City). The Ministry of Natural Resources (MARENA) in Nicaragua provided permission for collection permits (No. 001-012015). Specimens from Costa Rica were collected under the collecting permit issued by the Costa Rican Government to Arturo Angulo; specimens in Mexico were collected under the Cartilla Nacional de Colector Científico FAUT 059 issued by the Secretaría del Media Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT). This paper is part of the fulfillments of the first author to complete her PhD degree in the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas-UNAM. AS thanks the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología for granting a scholarship to complete her PhD program.
Funding
The present study was funded by grants of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant CGL2013-42462-P and CGL2017-82986-C2-1-P) to MB, and partially by a grant from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT A1-S-21694) to GPPL.
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Santacruz, A., Barluenga, M. & Pérez-Ponce de León, G. Taxonomic assessment of the genus Procamallanus (Nematoda) in Middle American cichlids (Osteichthyes) with molecular data, and the description of a new species from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Parasitol Res 120, 1965–1977 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07148-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07148-1