Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Parasitology Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We tested 114 faecal samples from wild simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-positive (n = 43) and SIV-negative (n = 71) chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites by direct smear. We observed cysts from different protozoa (Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica / Entamoeba dispar, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Chilomastix mesnili, Balantidium coli and Blastocystis cells) and trophozoites from Troglodytella abrassarti and Balantidium coli. Eggs from different helminths (strongylids, Ascaris lumbricoides, Abbreviata caucasica, Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Enterobius anthropopeci, Bertiella sp., Hymenolepis diminuta and an undetermined fluke) were also observed. Finally, we observed eggs that could not be properly identified and classified. We did not observe any differences between the SIV + and SIV − samples except for the unidentified eggs. The studied chimpanzees were highly parasitised by strongylid (85.1 % of prevalence), Troglodytella (43.8 %) and Blastocystis (2.9 %), and the frequency of the other parasites ranged from 0.9 to 8.8 %. These high levels of parasite infections could represent an additional burden in a population where there is a high rate of the SIV virus in circulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Boorom KF, Smith H, Nimri L, Viscogliosi E, Spanakos G, Parkar U, Li LH, Zhou XN, Ok UZ, Leelayoova S, Jones MS (2008) Oh my aching gut: irritable bowel syndrome, Blastocystis, and asymptomatic infection. Parasit Vectors 1:40

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cegielski JP, Msengi AE, Dukes CS, Mbise R, Redding-Lallinger R, Minjas JN, Wilson ML, Shao J, Durack DT (1993) Intestinal parasites and HIV infection in Tanzanian children with chronic diarrhea. AIDS 7:213–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cermeño JR, Hernández De Cuesta I, Uzcátegui O, Páez J, Rivera M, Baliachi N (2003) Balantidium coli in an HIV-infected patient with chronic diarrhoea. AIDS 17:941–942

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chi F, Leider M, Leendertz F, Bergmann C, Boesch C, Schenk S, Pauli G, Ellerbrok H, Hakenbeck R (2007) New Streptococcus pneumoniae clones in deceased wild chimpanzees. J Bacteriol 189:6085–6088

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clyti E, Aznar C, Couppie P, el Guedj M, Carme B, Pradinaud R (1998) A case of coinfection by Balantidium coli and HIV in French Guiana]. [Article in French. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 91:309–311

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drakulovski P, Locatelli S, Butel C, Pion S, Krasteva D, Mougdi-Pole E, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Mallié M (2013) Use of RNAlater as a preservation method for parasitic coprology studies in wild-living chimpanzees. Exp Parasitol 135:257–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Etienne L, Nerrienet E, LeBreton M, Bibila GT, Foupouapouognigni Y, Rousset D, Nana A, Djoko CF, Tamoufe U, Aghokeng AF, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Wolfe ND, Ayouba A (2011) Characterization of a new simian immunodeficiency virus strain in a naturally infected Pan troglodytes troglodytes chimpanzee with AIDS related symptoms. Retrovirology 8:4

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans AC, Markus MB, Joubert JJ, Gunders AE (1991) Bushman children infected with the nematode Strongyloides fülleborni. S Afr Med J 80:410–411

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Formenty P, Boesch C, Wyers M, Steiner C, Donati F, Dind F, Walker F, Le Guenno B (1999) Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d’Ivoire. J Infect Dis 179:120–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie TR, Greiner EC, Chapman CA (2004) Gastrointestinal parasites of the guenons of western Uganda. J Parasitol 90:1356–1360

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie TR, Morgan D, Deutsch JC, Kuhlenschmidt MS, Salzer JS, Cameron K, Reed T, Sanz C (2009) A legacy of low-impact logging does not elevate prevalence of potentially pathogenic protozoa in free-ranging gorillas and chimpanzees in the Republic of Congo: logging and parasitism in African apes. Ecohealth 6:557–564

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie TR, Lonsdorf EV, Canfield EP, Meyer DJ, Nadler Y, Raphael J, Pusey AE, Pond J, Pauley J, Mlengeya T, Travis DA (2010) Demographic and ecological effects on patterns of parasitism in eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:534–544

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg TL, Gillespie TR, Rwego IB, Estoff EL, Chapman CA (2008) Forest fragmentation as cause of bacterial transmission among nonhuman primates, humans, and livestock, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 14:1375–1382

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Moreno O, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Piel AK, Stewart FA, Gracenea M, Moore J (2013) Prevalence and climatic associated factors of Cryptosporidium sp. infections in savanna chimpanzees from Ugalla, Western Tanzania. Parasitol Res 1:393–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guttierez Y (2000) In Diagnostic pathology of parasitic infections with clinical correlations, Oxford University Press p 287-342

  • Hira PR, Patel BG (1977) Strongyloides fülleborni infections in man in Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 4:640–643

    Google Scholar 

  • Hira PR, Patel BG (1980) Human strongyloidiasis due to the primate species Strongyloides fülleborni. Trop Geogr Med 1:23–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch VM (2004) What can natural infection of African monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus tell us about the pathogenesis of AIDS? AIDS Rev 1:40–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Howells ME, Pruetz J, Gillespie TR (2011) Patterns of gastro-intestinal parasites and commensals as an index of population and ecosystem health: the case of sympatric western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio) at Fongoli, Senegal. Am J Primatol 73:173–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein EM, Hussein AM, Eida MM, Atwa MM (2008) Pathophysiological variability of different genotypes of human Blastocystis hominis Egyptian isolates in experimentally infected rats. Parasitol Res 102:853–860

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Idris NS, Dwipoerwantoro PG, Kurniawan A, Said M (2010) Intestinal parasitic infections of immunocompromised children with diarrhoea: clinical profile and therapeutic response. J Infect Dev Ctries 5:309–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Karp CL, Auwaerter PG (2007) Coinfection with HIV and tropical infectious diseases. I. Protozoal pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 45:1208–1213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur T, Singh J, Tong S, Humphrey C, Clevenger D, Tan W, Szekely B, Wang Y, Li Y, Alex Muse E, Kiyono M, Hanamura S, Inoue E, Nakamura M, Huffman MA, Jiang B, Nishida T (2008) Descriptive epidemiology of fatal respiratory outbreaks and detection of a human-related metapneumovirus in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Mahale Mountains National Park, Western Tanzania. Am J Primatol 70:755–765

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keele BF, Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Takehisa J, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, Chen Y, Wain LV, Liegeois F, Loul S, Ngole EM, Bienvenue Y, Delaporte E, Brookfield JF, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Peeters M, Hahn BH (2006) Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science 313:523–526

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keele BF, Jones JH, Terio KA, Estes JD, Rudicell RS, Wilson ML, Li Y, Learn GH, Beasley TM, Schumacher-Stankey J, Wroblewski E, Mosser A, Raphael J, Kamenya S, Lonsdorf EV, Travis DA, Mlengeya T, Kinsel MJ, Else JG, Silvestri G, Goodall J, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Pusey AE, Hahn BH (2009) Increased mortality and AIDS-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz. Nature 460:515–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JC, Abee CR, Wolf RH (1978) Balantidiosis in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Lab Anim 4:231–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krief S, Bories C, Hladik CM (2003) [Results of fecal parasitologic examination performed on a population of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Uganda ] [Article in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 96:80–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krief S, Huffman MA, Sevenet T, Guillot J, Bories C, Hladik CM, Wrangham RW (2005) Noninvasive monitoring of the health of Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in the Kibale National Park, Uganda. Int J Primatol 26:467–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krief S, Jamart A, Mahé S, Leendertz FH, Mätz-Rensing K, Crespeau F, Bain O, Guillot J (2008) Clinical and pathologic manifestation of oesophagostomosis in African great apes: does self-medication in wild apes influence disease progression? J Med Primatol 4:188–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Labes EM, Hegglin D, Grimm F, Nurcahyo W, Harrison ME, Bastian ML, Deplazes P (2010) Intestinal parasites of endangered orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Central and East Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia. Parasitology 137:123–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lankester F, Mätz-Rensing K, Kiyang J, Jensen SA, Weiss S, Leendertz FH (2008) Fatal ulcerative colitis in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). J Med Primatol 6:297–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee RV, Prowten AW, Anthone S, Satchidanand SK, Fisher JE, Anthone R (1990) Typhlitis due to Balantidium coli in captive lowland gorillas. Rev Infect Dis 12:1052–1059

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leendertz FH, Lankester F, Guislain P, Néel C, Drori O, Dupain J, Speede S, Reed P, Wolfe N, Loul S, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Peeters M, Boesch C, Pauli G, Ellerbrok H, Leroy EM (2006) Anthrax in Western and Central African great apes. Am J Primatol 68:928–933

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Legesse M, Erko B (2004) Zoonotic intestinal parasites in Papio anubis (baboon) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) from four localities in Ethiopia. Acta Trop 90:231–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levecke B, Dorny P, Geurden T, Vercammen F, Vercruysse J (2007) Gastrointestinal protozoa in non-human primates of four zoological gardens in Belgium. Vet Parasitol 148:236–246

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly AA, Mehlman PT, Doran D (2002) Intestinal Parasites in Gorillas, Chimpanzees, and Humans at Mondika Research Site, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. Int J Primatol 23:555–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Locatelli S, Butel C, Esteban A, Drakulovski P, Krasteva D, Mpoudi Ngole E, Mallié M, Delaporte E, Peeters M (2012) Long-term monitoring of opportunistic diseases in SIV infected non-habituated apes from Cameroon: a pilot study. Communication. XXIV Congress of the international Primatological Society, August 12-17, Mexico

  • Masi S, Chauffour S, Bain O, Todd A, Guillot J, Krief S (2012) Seasonal effects on great ape health: a case study of wild chimpanzees and western gorillas. PLoS ONE 7(12):e49805. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049805. Epub 2012 Dec 5

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mbaya AW, Udendeye UJ (2011) Gastrointestinal parasites of captive and free-roaming primates at the Afi Mountain Primate Conservation Area in Calabar, Nigeria and their zoonotic implications. Pak J Biol Sci 14:709–714

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MJ, Bray RS (1966) Entamoeba histolytica infections in the Chimpanzee (Pan satyricus). J Parasitol 52:386–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modrý D, Petrzelková KJ, Pomajbíková K, Tokiwa T, Krízek J, Imai S, Vallo P, Profousová I, Slapeta J (2009) The occurrence and ape-to-ape transmission of the entodiniomorphid ciliate Troglodytella abrassarti in captive gorillas. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1:83–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan D, Whitworth J, Eotu H, Omoding N, Moore M (1996) Gastrointestinal parasite infections. Lancet 348:965–966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mortelmans J, Vercruysse J, Kageruka P (1971) Three pathogenic intestinal protozoa of anthropoid apes:Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli and Troglodytella abrassarti In: Proceeding of the Third International Congress of Primatology. Zürich. p 187–191

  • Muehlenbein MP (2005) Parasitological analyses of the male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Am J Primatol 65:167–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakauchi K (1999) The prevalence of Balantidium coli infection in fifty-six mammalian species. J Vet Med Sci 61:63–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandrea I, Apetrei C (2010) Where the wild things are: pathogenesis of SIV infection in African nonhuman primate hosts. Curr HIV AIDS Rep 7:28–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandrea I, Sodora DL, Silvestri G, Apetrei C (2008) Into the wild: simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in natural hosts. Trends Immunol 29:419–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parija SC, Jeremiah S (2013) Blastocystis: taxonomy, biology and virulence. Trop Parasitol 3:17–25

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrášová J, Modrý D, Huffman MA, Mapua MI, Bobáková L, Mazoch V, Singh J, Kaur T, Petrželková KJ (2010) Gastrointestinal parasites of indigenous and introduced primate species of Rubondo Island National Park, Tanzania. Int J Primatol 31:920–936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrášová J, Uzlíková M, Kostka M, Petrželková KJ, Huffman MA, Modrý D (2011) Diversity and host specificity of Blastocystis in syntopic primates on Rubondo Island, Tanzania. Int J Parasitol 41:1113–1120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrzelková KJ, Hasegawa H, Appleton CC, Huffman MA, Archer CE, Moscovice LR, Mapua MI, Singh J, Kaur T (2010) Gastrointestinal parasites of the chimpanzee population introduced onto Rubondo Island National Park, Tanzania. Am J Primatol 72:307–316

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrželková KJ, Schovancová K, Profousová I, Kišidayová S, Váradyová Z, Pekár S, Kamler J, Modrý D (2012) The effect of low- and high-fiber diets on the population of entodiniomorphid ciliates Troglodytella abrassarti in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Am J Primatol 74:669–675

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier P, Wawrzyniak I, Vivarès CP, Delbac F, El Alaoui H (2012) New insights into Blastocystis spp.: a potential link with irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS Pathog.8(3):e1002545. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002545. Epub 2012 Mar 15

  • Pomajbíková K, Petrzelková KJ, Profousová I, Petrásová J, Kisidayová S, Varádyová Z, Modrý D (2010a) A survey of entodiniomorphid ciliates in chimpanzees and bonobos. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:42–48

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomajbíková K, Petrželková KJ, Profousová I, Petrášová J, Modrý D (2010b) Discrepancies in the occurrence of Balantidium coli between wild and captive African great apes. J Parasitol 96:1139–1344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Profousová I, Mihaliková K, Laho T, Váradyová Z, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D, Kišidayová S (2011) The ciliate, Troglodytella abrassarti, contributes to polysaccharide hydrolytic activities in the chimpanzee colon. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 56:339–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qadri SM, al-Okaili GA, al-Dayel F (1989) Clinical significance of Blastocystis hominis. J Clin Microbiol 27:2407–2409

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rijpstra AC (1967) Sporocysts of Isospora sp. in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, L.). Proc K Ned Akad Wet C 70:395–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman JM, Bowman DD, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Nkurunungi JB (2006) The parasites of the gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Uganda. In: Newton-Fisher NE, Notman H, Paterson JD, Vernon R (eds) Primates of Western Uganda. Springer, New York, pp 171–193

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rothman JM, Pell AN, Bowman DD (2008) Host-parasite ecology of the helminths in mountain gorillas. J Parasitol 94:834–840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rwego IB, Isabirye-Basuta G, Gillespie TR, Goldberg TL (2008) Gastrointestinal bacterial transmission among humans, mountain gorillas, and livestock in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Conserv Biol 22:1600–1607

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sak B, Kvác M, Petrzelková K, Kvetonová D, Pomajbíková K, Mulama M, Kiyang J, Modrý D (2011) Diversity of microsporidia (Fungi: Microsporidia) among captive great apes in European zoos and African sanctuaries: evidence for zoonotic transmission? Folia Parasitol (Praha) 58:81–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster FL, Ramirez-Avila L (2008) Current world status of Balantidium coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 21:626–638

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestri G, Paiardini M, Pandrea I, Lederman MM, Sodora DL (2007) Understanding the benign nature of SIV infection in natural hosts. J Clin Invest 117:3148–3154

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storgaard M, Lauren AL, Anderson PL (1996) The occurrence of Blastocystis hominis in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 10:444–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teare JA, Loomis MR (1982) Epizootic of balantidiasis in lowland gorillas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:1345–1347

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terio KA, Kinsel MJ, Raphael J, Mlengeya T, Lipende I, Kirchhoff CA, Gilagiza B, Wilson ML, Kamenya S, Estes JD, Keele BF, Rudicell RS, Liu W, Patton S, Collins A, Hahn BH, Travis DA, Lonsdorf EV (2011) Pathologic lesions in chimpanzees (Pan trogylodytes schweinfurthii) from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, 2004-2010. J Zoo Wildl Med 42:597–607

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Kuyl AC, Kuiken CL, Dekker JT, Goudsmit J (1995) Phylogeny of African monkeys based upon mitochondiral 12S rRNA sequence. J Mol Evol 40:173–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Neel C, Bailes E, Keele BF, Liu W, Loul S, Butel C, Liegeois F, Bienvenue Y, Ngolle EM, Sharp PM, Shaw GM, Delaporte E, Hahn BH, Peeters M (2006) Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas. Nature 444:164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Heuverswyn F, Li Y, Bailes E, Neel C, Lafay B, Keele BF, Shaw KS, Takehisa J, Kraus MH, Loul S, Butel C, Liegeois F, Yangda B, Sharp PM, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Delaporte E, Hahn BH, Peeters M (2007) Genetic diversity and phylogeographic clustering of SIVcpzPtt in wild chimpanzees in Cameroon. Virology 368:155–171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiwanitkit V (2006) Intestinal parasite infestation in HIV-infected patients. Curr HIV Res 4:87–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institute of Health (RO1 AI 50529) and the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA (ANRS 12255). We thank the staff and the SIV team from PRESICA for logistical support in Cameroon and the Cameroonian Ministries of Health, Environment and Forestry, and Research for permission to collect samples in Cameroon. We also thank Dr. L. Mondolot, Pr. Y. Pelissier and Dr. S. Bertout for their useful help with the identification of false positives. We thank Pr. D. Basset for his useful help with identification of several parasite elements.

Ethical standards

The research conducted here complies with host country and institutional policies of ethical research on non-human primates.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UMI 233 “TransVIHMI” Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1 (UM1), Montpellier, France

    Pascal Drakulovski, Sabrina Locatelli, Christelle Butel, Sébastien Pion, Eric Delaporte, Martine Peeters & Michèle Mallié

  2. Virology Laboratory, CREMER/IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon

    Sébastien Bertout & Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole

  3. Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UFR de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Falhault, 34093, Montpellier, Cedex 05, France

    Pascal Drakulovski

Authors
  1. Pascal Drakulovski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sébastien Bertout
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sabrina Locatelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Christelle Butel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sébastien Pion
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Eitel Mpoudi-Ngole
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Eric Delaporte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Martine Peeters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Michèle Mallié
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pascal Drakulovski.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Drakulovski, P., Bertout, S., Locatelli, S. et al. Assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon. Parasitol Res 113, 2541–2550 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3904-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3904-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation