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The shallow marine VMS copper deposit of Yushui, Eastern Guangdong, South China: evidence from geology, geochronology, and geochemistry

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Abstract

Many massive sulfide deposits have been discovered in the Upper Paleozoic rift-related volcaniclastic sequence in South China, among which the Yushui copper deposit is the most important due to its high grade. The deposit has been variably attributed as SEDEX (sedimentary exhalative) or MVT (Mississippi valley type). The Yushui copper deposit in Guangdong (South China) contains stratiform bornite-chalcopyrite orebodies (102.1 kt Cu @ 3.5%, 186.6 kt Pb @ 4.29%, 117.6 kt Zn @ 2.91%, and 339 t Ag @ 112 g/t) developed along the contact between Upper Carboniferous dolostone and Lower Carboniferous pebbly quartz sandstone, which indicates a shallow marine deposition environment. The Yushui deposit comprises an upper massive sulfide orebody and a lower stockwork orebody with intense alteration. In this study, we newly identified Carboniferous tuffs and syn-volcanic faults in the footwall, and exhalites in the hanging-wall. Hematite from the Cu ores yielded a U-Pb age of 320 ± 15 Ma (MSWD = 2.1, n = 57), and hydrothermal dolomite yielded a Sm-Nd isochron age of 308.1 ± 4.6 Ma (n = 7; MSWD = 0.94), which constrains the timing of mineralization at Yushui. These ages are coeval with the Carboniferous host rocks. Combining the evidence from the geological features (syn-volcanic faults, volcanic rocks, exhalites) and hematite trace element compositions, we suggest that the Yushui is a shallow marine VMS (volcanogenic massive sulfide) deposit. The Sr-Nd isotope composition of hydrothermal dolomite (εNd ~−12) indicates that the ore-forming materials were originated from the crustal basement. The Yushui copper deposit was likely formed during the Late Carboniferous continental back-arc extension in eastern South China. The regional extension may have caused enhanced heat flow, which promoted fluid convection in the basement rocks. In addition, we suggest that volcanic rocks and disseminated chalcopyrite-pyrite mineralization in the Lower Carboniferous quartz sandstone and exhalites are good indicators for regional VMS prospecting.

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Acknowledgements

Editors-in-Chief Bernd Lehmann, associate editor Shao-Yong Jiang, and one reviewer are thanked for the constructive reviews that greatly improved the quality of this paper. We thank Dr. Yongfei Tian, Kezhong Ma and local geological Mr. Wei Zhang and Yongxin Peng for helping with the field investigation. Our thanks also go to Profs. Jingwen Mao, Bernd Lehmann, Larry Meinert, and Richard Goldfarb for their guidance and comments during the field trips to the Yushui copper deposit. We are grateful to Profs. Zhenyu Chen, Zhihui Dai, and Wengang Liu for helping with the data collection; to Profs. Tornos Fernando, Fuquan Yang, and Dr. Wenhao Tang for their suggestions on the manuscript draft; and to Dr. Junzeng Zuo, Zhiqiang Zhang and Sean McClenaghan for polishing up the language of this manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (42072110) and the China Geological Survey mineral survey project (DD20201173).

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  1. MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China

    Gang Chen, Changhui Ke & Maohong Chen

  2. School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang’an University, Xi’an, 710054, China

    Xiuqing Yang

  3. State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China

    Yanwen Tang

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Chen, G., Yang, X., Ke, C. et al. The shallow marine VMS copper deposit of Yushui, Eastern Guangdong, South China: evidence from geology, geochronology, and geochemistry. Miner Deposita 59, 815–835 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01232-5

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