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Trace element composition of iron oxides from IOCG and IOA deposits: relationship to hydrothermal alteration and deposit subtypes

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Abstract

Trace element compositions of magnetite and hematite from 16 well-studied iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) and iron oxide apatite (IOA) deposits, combined with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were used to investigate the factors controlling the iron oxide chemistry and the links between the chemical composition of iron oxides and hydrothermal processes, as divided by alteration types and IOCG and IOA deposit subtypes. Chemical compositions of iron oxides are controlled by oxygen fugacity, temperature, co-precipitating sulfides, and host rocks. Iron oxides from hematite IOCG deposits show relatively high Nb, Cu, Mo, W, and Sn contents, and can be discriminated from those from magnetite + hematite and magnetite IOA deposits. Magnetite IOCG deposits show a compositional diversity and overlap with the three other types, which may be due to the incremental development of high-temperature Ca–Fe and K–Fe alteration. Iron oxides from the high-temperature Ca–Fe alteration can be discriminated from those from high- and low-temperature K–Fe alteration by higher Mg and V contents. Iron oxides from low-temperature K–Fe alteration can be discriminated from those from high-temperature K–Fe alteration by higher Si, Ca, Zr, W, Nb, and Mo contents. Iron oxides from IOA deposits can be discriminated from those from IOCG deposits by higher Mg, Ti, V, Pb, and Sc contents. The composition of IOCG and IOA iron oxides can be discriminated from those from porphyry Cu, Ni–Cu, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits.

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Acknowledgements

This project was funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC, 201604910462), the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, Agnico Eagle Mines Limited, and Ministry of Natural Resources of Quebec within the NSERC–Agnico Eagle Industrial Research Chair in Mineral Exploration. It is also conducted in collaboration with participants of the Targeted Geoscience Initiative program of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC). We thank Marc Choquette (Laval U.) and Dany Savard (UQAC) for their assistance with EPMA and LA-ICP-MS analyses, respectively. Special thanks to Michel Jebrak (UQAM), Sarah Dare (U. of Ottawa), Lluis Fontboté (U. of Geneva), Isabelle McMartin (GSC), Roberto Perez Xavier (USP São Paulo), Robert Marschik (LMU Munich), and John Hanchar (Memorial U. of Newfoundland) who provided representative samples. We thank Pedro Acosta-Góngora (GSC) for constructive comments on the early manuscript. We also acknowledge careful reviews by Jaayke Knipping and an anonymous reviewer, and editorial handling by Frank Melcher and Bernd Lehmann.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China

    Xiao-Wen Huang

  2. Département de Géologie et de Génie Géologique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Xiao-Wen Huang, Émilie Boutroy, Sheida Makvandi & Georges Beaudoin

  3. Research Center on the Geology and Engineering of Mineral Resources (E4m), Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Xiao-Wen Huang, Sheida Makvandi & Georges Beaudoin

  4. Agnico Eagle Mines Limited, 1655 3e Av, Val d’Or, QC, J9P 1W1, Canada

    Émilie Boutroy

  5. Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K9A9, Canada

    Louise Corriveau

  6. SOQUEM Inc., 1740 chemin Sullivan, suite 2000, Val-d’Or, QC, J9P 7H1, Canada

    Anthony Franco De Toni

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Huang, XW., Boutroy, É., Makvandi, S. et al. Trace element composition of iron oxides from IOCG and IOA deposits: relationship to hydrothermal alteration and deposit subtypes. Miner Deposita 54, 525–552 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-018-0825-1

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