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The boron isotope geochemistry of tourmaline-rich alteration in the IOCG systems of northern Chile: implications for a magmatic-hydrothermal origin

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Abstract

Hydrothermal tourmaline is common in the iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits of the Coastal Cordillera of Chile where it occurs as large crystals in the groundmass of magmatic-hydrothermal breccias, such as in the Silvita or Tropezón ore bodies, or as small grains in replacive bodies or breccia cement in the ore-bearing andesite, as seen at the Candelaria or Carola deposits. Tourmaline shows strong chemical zoning and has a composition of schorl–dravite with significant povondraite and uvite components. The observed boron isotope composition is fairly variable, between −10.4‰ and +6.0‰ with no major differences among the different deposits, suggesting a common genetic mechanism. The δ11B values are significantly lower than those of seawater or marine evaporites and very similar to those of younger porphyry copper deposits and volcanic rocks in the region, indicating that the boron has a common, likely magmatic, origin. The predominant boron source was ultimately dewatering of the subducting slab with a significant contribution derived from the overlying continental basement. The range of δ11B values is between those of the porphyry copper deposits and the porphyry tin deposits of the Andes, suggesting that the IOCG mineralization might be genetically related to fluids having more crustal contamination than the porphyry copper deposits; such an interpretation is at odds with current models that propose that the Andean IOCG deposits are related to juvenile melts or to the circulation of basinal brines. Furthermore, the obtained δ11B data are markedly different from those of the tourmaline in the Carajás IOCG district (Brazil), suggesting that IOCGs do not form by a unique mechanism involving only one type of fluids.

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Acknowledgements

This study was done under the framework of project DGI-FEDER CGL2006-0378 of the Spanish Government and by internal funding of the SIMS Laboratory in Potsdam. It would not have been possible without the collaboration of Nicolae Pop (Minera Carola) and Manuel Erazo and Walter Gil (Minera Cenizas) who granted access to the mine site and assisted with petrologic interpretation of the samples. Thanks are also extended to Fernando Barra and Diego Morata (Universidad de Chile) for help on the study of the IOCG deposits. Our acknowledgement to Horst Marschall and John Slack for reviewing earlier versions of this manuscript and Bernd Lehmann for final editing.

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  1. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003, Madrid, Spain

    Fernando Tornos

  2. Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg C161, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Michael Wiedenbeck

  3. Departamento de Mineralogía y Petrología, Universidad del País Vasco, Campus de Leioa, Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain

    Francisco Velasco

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Tornos, F., Wiedenbeck, M. & Velasco, F. The boron isotope geochemistry of tourmaline-rich alteration in the IOCG systems of northern Chile: implications for a magmatic-hydrothermal origin. Miner Deposita 47, 483–499 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-011-0383-2

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