Abstract
Visual prostheses are devices that aim to provide artificial vision to those with vision loss by stimulating surviving functional neurons in the visual pathway. Since the first report of a functional retinal stimulator in the 1950s, clinical trials using more sophisticated devices, such as microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and micro-photodiode arrays (MPDAs), have continued to demonstrate that partial visual function can be restored even after long periods of blindness. These devices work by stimulating the retina, optic tract, and visual cortex. In the last 15 years, significant research efforts have also focused largely on developing novel electrode materials and alternative stimulation methods to address issues caused by bulk metallic electrodes used in conventional devices. This chapter begins with a discussion surrounding developments in electrical and photovoltaic visual prosthetic devices, commercial entities, and their latest clinical or preclinical reports and ends with an outlook on the future of the visual prostheses field. Key areas that have been reviewed include recently developed wire-free engineered photoreceptors, novel materials for improving the performance of electrical stimulation, and conceptual visual prostheses based on chemical, mechanical, photothermal, ultrasonic, optogenetic, and micromagnetic neurostimulation.
Abbreviations
- AMD:
-
Age-related macular degeneration
- ASR:
-
Artificial silicon retina
- AV-DONE:
-
Artificial vision by direct optic nerve electrode
- BVT:
-
Bionic Vision Technologies
- CMOS:
-
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
- CNT:
-
Carbon nanotube
- CRX:
-
Cone-rod homeobox
- ERG:
-
Electroretinogram
- HAR:
-
High-resolution artificial retina
- HDE:
-
Humanitarian Device Exemption
- IMI:
-
Intelligent Medical Implants
- IR:
-
Infrared radiation
- IRIS:
-
Intelligent Retinal Implant System
- LCD:
-
Liquid crystal display
- LED:
-
Light-emitting diode
- LGN:
-
Lateral geniculate nucleus
- LogMAR:
-
Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution
- μMS:
-
Micromagnetic stimulation
- MEA:
-
Microelectrode array
- MPDA:
-
Micro-photodiode arrays
- NASA:
-
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- NR:
-
Nanorod
- NW:
-
Nanowire
- PEDOT:
-
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
- RCS:
-
Royal College of Surgeons
- RD:
-
Retinal degeneration
- RGC:
-
Retinal ganglion cell
- RP:
-
Retinitis pigmentosa
- TiN:
-
Titanium nitride
- TRPV:
-
Transient receptor potential vanilloid
- VEP:
-
Visual evoked potential
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Guo, T., Shivdasani, M.N., Tsai, D., Ayton, L.N., Rathbun, D.L., Lovell, N.H. (2021). Visual Prostheses: Neuroengineering Handbook. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_31-2
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