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Biomarkers of Parkinson’s Disease

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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, and its prevalence is expected to increase as the population ages. The earliest symptoms of PD are subtle and nonspecific, complicating diagnosis at early stages, when novel treatments would be most likely to alter the disease course. Therefore, biomarkers for PD, capable of improving clinical diagnostic practices, as well as monitoring disease progression and the effects of therapeutic treatments, are urgently needed. Different techniques have been applied for identifying PD biomarkers, with neuroimaging and biochemical biomarkers showing the most promise for the most common, idiopathic forms of the disease, while genetic markers that confer risk of PD are also under intense investigation. Due to the complexity and overlapping syndromes of neurodegenerative diseases, it is very challenging to validate PD biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for clinical practice. This chapter reviews the advantages and pitfalls of each type of biomarker, and further discovery of novel PD markers and integration of current biomarkers are proposed.

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Abbreviations

18F-AV-133:

18F-(+) fluoropropyldihydrotetrabenazine

2DGE:

Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

AADC:

Aromatic l-amino Acid Decarboxylase

AD:

Alzheimer’s Disease

CBD:

Cortical Basal Degeneration

CNS:

Central Nervous System

CβE:

Conduritol-β-Epoxide

DAergic:

Dopaminergic

DLB:

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

DTBZ:

11C-(±)-α-Dihydrotetrabenazine

DTI:

Diffusion Tensor Image

DWI:

Diffusion-Weighted Image

EC-SOD:

Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase

EGF:

Epidermal Growth Factor

F-dopa:

6-[18F]-Fluoro-l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

F-FDG:

Fluorine-18-Labelled Fluorodeoxyglucose

GWAS:

Genome-Wide Association Studies

iPD:

Idiopathic PD

iTRAQ:

Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification

LRRK2:

Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2

MAPT:

Microtubule-Associated Protein

MRI:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MS:

Mass Spectrometry

MSA:

Multiple System Atrophy

PBMCs:

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

PD:

Parkinson’s Disease

PET:

Positron Emission Tomography

PIGD:

Postural Instability Gait Difficulty

PINK1:

PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase 1

PSP:

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

PTMs:

Posttranslational Modifications

RBCs:

Fragile Red Blood Cells

SNCA:

α-Synuclein

SNpc:

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta

SPECT:

Single Emission Computed Tomography

TD:

Tremor Dominant

UCHL1:

Ubiquitin Carboxyl-Terminal Hydrolase L1

UCP:

Uncoupling Protein

UPDRS:

Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale

VMAT2:

Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Type 2

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the Michael J. Fox Foundation, the Parkinson Study Group, and the National Institutes of Health [NIEHS T32ES015459 to T.S., AG033398, ES004696-5897, ES007033-6364, ES016873, ES019277, NS057567, NS060252, NS062684-6221, and NS082137 to J.Z.].

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  1. Department of Pathology, University of Washington, UW Harborview Medical Center R&T Building, 300 Ninth Ave, 359635, Seattle, WA, 98104-2499, USA

    Fang Fang, Tessandra Stewart & Jing Zhang

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  1. Fang Fang
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Correspondence to Jing Zhang .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Fang, F., Stewart, T., Zhang, J. (2015). Biomarkers of Parkinson’s Disease. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_17

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