Abstract
Beer phenols issued from malt and hop can contribute directly to several characteristics of beer, mainly flavor, astringency, haze, body, and fullness. Some phenolic structures can also impart very interesting health properties. Yet phenolic structures also evolve through storage. Low-molecular-weight phenols like 4-vinylsyringol can impart off-flavors in aged beer, while oxidized flavonoids strongly influence astringency, haze, and color. The instability of stilbenes, prenylchalcones, and derived flavanones could also modify their health potential.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- AEDA:
-
Aroma extract dilution analysis
- APCI:
-
Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization
- C:
-
Catechin
- E:
-
Epicatechin
- EGC and GC:
-
Epigallocatechin and gallocatechin
- ESI:
-
Electrospray ionization
- FD:
-
Dilution factor
- HPLC or LC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- MS:
-
Mass spectroscopy
- MS/MS:
-
Tandem mass spectroscopy
- NP:
-
Normal phase
- P1 to P10:
-
Procyanidins from monomers to decamers
- PVP:
-
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
- PVPP:
-
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
- RP:
-
Reversed phase
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
References
Lermusieau G, Liégeois C, Collin S (2001) Reducing power of hop cultivars and beer ageing. Food Chem 72:413–418
Moll M, Fonknechten G, Carnielo M, Flayeux R (1984) Changes in polyphenols from raw materials to finished beer. Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 21:79–87
McMurrough I (1981) High-performance liquid chromatography of flavonoids in barley and hops. J Chromatogr A 218:683–693
Callemien D, Jerkovic V, Rozenberg R, Collin S (2005) Hop as an interesting source of resveratrol for brewers: optimization of the extraction and quantitative study by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 53:424–429
Jerumanis J (1985) Quantitative analysis of flavanoids in barley, hops and beer by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). J Inst Brew 91:250–252
Li HJ, Deinzer ML (2006) Structural identification and distribution of proanthocyanidins in 13 different hops. J Agric Food Chem 54:4048–4056
Stevens JF, Miranda CL, Wolthers KR, Schimerlik M, Deinzer ML, Buhler DR (2002) Identification and in vitro biological activities of hop proanthocyanidins: inhibition of nNOS activity and scavenging of reactive nitrogen species. J Agric Food Chem 50:3435–3443
Moll M (1991) Beers & coolers: definition, production, and composition. Collection sciences et techniques agro-alimentaires. Tec & Doc–Lavoisier et Apria, Paris
Friedrich W, Galensa R (2002) Identification of a new flavanol glucoside from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and malt. European Food Research and Technology 214:388–393
Zimmermann BF, Galensa R (2007) One for all- all for one: proof of authenticity and tracing of foods with flavonoids - Analysis of proanthocyanidins in barley and malt. European Food Research and Technology 224:385–393
Achilli G, Cellerino GP, Gamache PH, Deril GVM (1993) Identification and determination of phenolic constituents in natural beverages and plant-extracts by means of a coulometric electrode array system. J Chromatogr 632:111–117
Bartolome B, Pena-Neira A, Gomez-Cordoves C (2000) Phenolics and related substances in alcohol-free beers. Eur Food Res Technol 210:419–423
Gorinstein S, Caspi A, Zemser M, Trakhtenberg S (2000) Comparative contents of some phenolics in beer, red and white wines. Nutr Res 20:131–139
Hayes PJ, Smyth MR, McMurrough I (1987) Comparison of electrochemical and ultraviolet detection methods in high-performance liquid-chromatography for the determination of Phenolic-compounds commonly found in beers. 2. Analysis of beers. Analyst 112:1205–1207
Callemien D, Collin S (2007) Involvement of flavanoids in beer color instability during storage. J Agric Food Chem 55:9066–9073
Callemien D, Collin S (2008) Use of RP-HPLC-ESI(−)-MS/MS to differentiate various proanthocyanidin isomers in lager beer extracts. J Am Soc Brew Chem 66:109–115
Callemien D, Guyot S, Collin S (2008) Use of thiolysis hyphenated to RP-HPLC-ESI(−)-MS/MS for the analysis of flavanoids of fresh lager beers. Food Chem 110:1012–1018
Gerhauser C, Alt A, Heiss E, Gamal-Eldeen A, Klimo K, Knauft J, Neumann I, Scherf HR, Frank N, Bartsch H, Becker H (2002) Cancer chemopreventive activity of Xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hop. Mol Cancer Ther 1:959–969
Kirby W, Wheeler RE (1980) The extraction of beer polyphenols and their assay by H.P.L.C. J Inst Brew 86:15–17
Madigan D, McMurrough I, Smyth MR (1994) Determination of proanthocyanidins and catechins in beer and barley by high-performance liquid chromatography with dual-electrode electrochemical detection. Analyst 119:863–868
McMurrough I, Madigan D, Smyth MR (1996) Semipreparative chromatographic procedure for the isolation of dimeric and trimeric proanthocyanidins from barley. J Agric Food Chem 44:1731–1735
Mulkay P, Touillaux R, Jerumanis J (1981) Proanthocyanidins of barley: separation and identification. J Chromatogr 208:419–423
McMurrough I, Kelly R, Byrne J, O’Brien M (1992) Effect of the removal of sensitive proteins and proanthocyanidins on the colloidal stability of lager beer. J Am Soc Brew Chem 50:67–76
Gardner RJ, McGuinness JD (1977) Complex phenols in brewing – a critical survey. Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 14:250–261
Leemans C, Pellaud J, Melotte L, Dupire S (2003) Opportunities for lag phase prediction: a new tool to assess beer colloidal stability. In: Proceedings of the 29th European Brewery Convention (Dublin), pp 88/1–88/11, Fachverlag Hans Carl, Nürnberg, Germany
Asano K, Shinagawa K, Hashimoto N (1982) Characterization of haze-forming proteins of beer and their roles in chill haze formation. J Am Soc Brew Chem 40:147–154
Eastmond R, Gardner RJ (1974) Effect of various polyphenols on the rate of haze formation in beer. J Inst Brew 80:192–200
O’Rourke T, Ianniello R, McMurrough I, Springle A (1998) The role of tannoids in the colloidal stabilization of beer. In: Proceedings of the 25th Convention – Institute of Brewing, Asia Pacific Section (Adelaide), pp 143–146, Commercial Printing Company
Kaneda H, Kano Y, Osawa T, Kawakishi S, Kamimura M (1990) Effect of free-radicals on haze formation in beer. J Agric Food Chem 38:1909–1912
Chapon L (1994) The mechanics of beer stabilisation. Brewers’ Guardian 123:50
Callemien D, Collin S (2010) Structure, organoleptic properties, quantification methods, and stability of phenolic compounds in beer – a review. Food Rev Int 26:1–84
Leiper KA, Stewart GG, McKeown IP (2003) Beer polypeptides and silica gel - Part I. Polypeptides involved in haze formation. J Inst Brew 109:57–72
Siebert KJ, Carrasco A, Lynn PY (1996) Formation of protein-polyphenol haze in beverages. J Agric Food Chem 44:1997–2005
Siebert KJ (1999) Effects of protein-polyphenol interactions on beverage haze. Stabilization and analysis. J Agric Food Chem 47:353–362
De Clerck J (1969) The use of proteolytic enzymes for the stabilization of beer. Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 6:136–140
Siebert KJ, Lynn PY (1997) Mechanisms of adsorbent action in beverage stabilization. J Agric Food Chem 45:4275–4280
Siebert KJ, Lynn PY (1997) Mechanisms of beer colloidal stabilization. J Am Soc Brew Chem 55:73–78
Siebert KJ, Lynn PY (1998) Comparison of polyphenol interactions with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and haze-active protein. J Am Soc Brew Chem 56:24–31
Leiper KA, Stewart GG, McKeown IP, Nock T, Thompson MJ (2005) Optimising beer stabilisation by the selective removal of tannoids and sensitive proteins. J Inst Brew 111:118–127
Erdal K, Outtrup H, Ahrenst-Larsen B (1985) Barley and hop proanthocyanidins and the colloidal stability of beer. In: Proceedings of the 20th European Brewery Convention (Helsinki). IRL Press, Oxford, pp 459–466
Counet C (2004) Détermination des structures chimiques des polyphénols du chocolat et étude de leurs principales propriétés fonctionnelles. Thesis, UCL, Belgium
Dadic M, Belleau G (1973) Polyphenols and beer flavors. Proc Am Soc Brew Chem 4:107–114
Siebert KJ (2004) pH and colloidal stability. In: Proceedings of XIth De Clerck Chair. Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Francois N, Guyot-Declerck C, Hug B, Callemien D, Govaerts B, Collin S (2006) Beer astringency assessed by time-intensity and quantitative descriptive analysis: influence of pH and accelerated aging. Food Qual Prefer 17:445–452
Vanderhaegen B, Neven H, Coghe S, Verstrepen KJ, Verachter H, Derdelinckx G (2003) Evolution of chemical and sensory properties during aging of top-fermented beer. J Agric Food Chem 51:6782–6790
Guyot S, Vercauteren J, Cheynier V (1996) Structural determination of colourless and yellow dimers resulting from (+)-catechin coupling catalysed by grape polyphenoloxidase. Phytochemistry 42:1279–1288
Young DA, Young E, Roux DG, Brandt EV, Ferreira D (1987) Synthesis of condensed tannins.19. Phenol oxidative coupling of (+)-catechin and (+)-mesquitol - conformation of bis-(+)-catechins. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:2345–2351
Santos-Buelga C, Scalbert A (2000) Proanthocyanidins and tannin-like compounds – nature, occurrence, dietary intake and effects on nutrition and health. J Sci Food Agric 80:1094–1117
Oszmianski J, Cheynier V, Moutounet M (1996) Iron-catalyzed oxidation of (+)-catechin in model systems. J Agric Food Chem 44:1712–1715
Prior RL, Gu LW (2005) Occurrence and biological significance of proanthocyanidins in the American diet. Phytochemistry 66:2264–2280
Schewe T, Kuhn H, Sies H (2002) Flavonoids of cocoa inhibit recombinant human 5-lipoxygenase. J Nutr 132:1825–1829
Schramm DD, Wang JF, Holt RR, Ensunsa JL, Gonsalves JL, Lazarus SA, Schmitz HH, German JB, Keen CL (2001) Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leukotriene-prostacyclin ratio in humans and human aortic endothelial cells. Am J Clin Nutr 73:36–40
Sanbongi C, Suzuki N, Sakane T (1997) Polyphenols in chocolate, which have antioxidant activity, modulate immune functions in humans in vitro. Cell Immunol 177:129–136
Stevens JF, Taylor AW, Nickerson GB, Ivancic M, Henning J, Haunold A, Deinzer ML (2000) Prenylflavonoid variation in humulus lupulus: distribution and taxonomic significance of xanthogalenol and 4’-O-methylxanthohumol. Phytochemistry 53:759–775
Stevens JF, Taylor AW, Deinzer ML (1999) Quantitative analysis of xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids in hops and beer by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 832:97–107
De Keukeleire J, Ooms G, Heyerick A, Roldan-Ruiz I, Van Bockstaele E, De Keukeleire D (2003) Formation and accumulation of alpha-acids, beta-acids, desmethylxanthohumol, and xanthohumol during flowering of hops (Humulus lupulus L.). J. Agric. Food Chem 51:4436–4441
Walker CJ, Lence CF, Biendl M (2003) Studies on xanthohumol levels in stout/porter beer. Brauwelt 143:1709–1712
Biendl M, Mitter W, Peters U, Methner FJ (2002) Use of a xanthohumol-rich hop product in beer production. Brauwelt Int I:39–42
Biendl M, Methner FJ, Stettner G, Walker C (2004) Brewing trials with a xanthohumol-enriched hop product. Brauwelt Int III:182–184
Stevens JF, Taylor AW, Clawson JE, Deinzer ML (1999) Fate of xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops to beer. J Agric Food Chem 47:2421–2428
Stevens JF, Page JE (2004) Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health! Phytochemistry 65:1317–1330
Gerhauser C, Alt A, Klimo K, Knauft J, Frank N, Becker H (2002) Isolation and potential cancer chemopreventive activities of phenolic compounds of beer. Phytochem Rev 1:369–377
De Keukeleire D, Milligan SR, Kalita J, Pocock V, De Cooman L, Heyerick A, Rong H, Roelens F (2001) Prenylated hop flavonoids are key agents in relation to health-beneficial properties of beer. In: Proceedings of 28th European Brewery Convention (Budapest), Fachverlag Hans Carl, Nürnberg, Germany
Gerhauser C (2005) Beer constituents as potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Eur J Cancer 41:1941–1954
Milligan SR, Kalita JC, Heyerick A, Rong H, De Cooman L, De Keukeleire D (1999) Identification of a potent phytoestrogen in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2249–2252
Milligan SR, Kalita JC, Pocock V, Van de Kauter V, Stevens JF, Deinzer ML, Rong H, De Keukeleire D (2000) The endocrine activities of 8-prenylnaringenin and related hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4912–4915
McMurrough I, Henningan GP, Loughrey ML (1982) Quantitative analysis of hop flavonols using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 30:1102–1106
Vancraenenbroeck R, De Brackeleire C, Willems Y, Devreux A (1983) Quantitative determination of flavonols in beer. Cerevisia (1976–1990) 8:13–19
Prior RL, Lazarus SA, Cao G, Muccitelli H, Hammerstone JF (2001) Identification of procyanidins and anthocyanins in blueberries and cranberries (vaccinium spp.) using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 49:1270–1276
Garcia AA, Grande BC, Gandara JS (2004) Development of a rapid method based on solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection for the determination of polyphenols in alcohol-free beers. J Chromatogr A 1054:175–180
Floridi S, Montanari L, Marconi O, Fantozzi P (2003) Determination of free phenolic acids in wort and beer by coulometric array detection. J Agric Food Chem 51:1548–1554
McMurrough I, Roche GP, Cleary KC (1984) Phenolics acids in beers and worts. J Inst Brew 90:181–187
Montanari L, Perretti G, Natella F, Guidi A, Fantozzi P (1999) Organic and phenolic acids in beer. LWT - Food Sci Technol 32:535–539
Nardini M, Ghiselli A (2004) Determination of free and bound phenolic acids in beer. Food Chem 84:137–143
Stewart D, Robertson GW, Morrison IH (1994) Phenolic-acids dimers in the cell-walls of barley. Biol Mass Spectrom 23:71–74
Kenyhercz TM, Kissinger PT (1977) A new approach to the phenolic components in beer. Application to the determination of sinapic, ferulic, and p-coumaric acids. J Agric Food Chem 25:959–961
McMurrough I, Madigan D, Donnelly D, Hurley J, Doyle AM, Hennigan G, McNulty N, Smyth MR (1996) Control of ferulic acid and 4-vinyl guaiacol in brewing. J Inst Brew 102:327–332
Vanbeneden N, Delvaux F, Delvaux FR (2006) Determination of hydroxycinnamic acids and volatile phenols in wort and beer by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography using electrochemical detection. J Chromatogr A 1136:237–242
Tressl R, Renner R (1975) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of some lactones in beer. Monatsschrift fuer Brauerei 28:195–197
Vanbeneden N, Delvaux F, Delvaux FR (2006) Release of phenolic flavour precursors during mashing. In: Proceedings of XIIth De Clerck Chair, Leuven
Coghe S, Benoot K, Delvaux F, Vanderhaegen B, Delvaux FR (2004) Ferulic acid release and 4-vinylguaiacol formation during brewing and fermentation: indications for feruloyl esterase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Agric Food Chem 52:602–608
Meilgaard MC (1975) Flavor chemistry of beer. II: Flavor and threshold of 239 aroma volatiles. Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 12:5–13
Fiddler W, Parker WE, Wasserman AE, Doerr RC (1967) Thermal decomposition of ferulic acid. J Agric Food Chem 15:757–761
Tressl R, Kossa T, Renner R (1975) Gas-chromatographic-mass spectrometric studies of volatile substances of hops, wort, and beer and their genesis. II. Formation of phenols and oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds in beer. In: Proceedings of the 15th European Brewery Convention (Nice). Elsevier, Scientific Pub, pp 737–756
Clausen M, Lamb CJ, Megnet R, Doerner PW (1994) PAD1 encodes phenylacrylic acid decarboxylase which confers resistance to cinnamic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 142:107–112
Meaden PG, Taylor NR (1991) Cloning of a yeast gene which causes phenolic off-flavors in beer. J Inst Brew 97:353–357
Chatonnet P, Dubourdieu D, Boidron JN, Pons M (1992) The origin of ethylphenols in wines. J Sci Food Agric 60:165–178
Lindsay RF, Priest FG (1975) Decarboxylation of substituted cinnamic acids by enterobacteria: the influence on beer flavour. J Appl Bacteriol 39:181–187
Steinhaus M, Schieberle P (2000) Comparison of the most odor-active compounds in fresh and dried hop cones (Humulus lupulus L. variety spalter select) based on GC-olfactometry and odor dilution techniques. J Agric Food Chem 48:1776–1783
Wackerbauer K, Kramer P, Siepert J (1982) Phenolic aromatic substances in beer. Phenolic carboxylic acid and phenols in the raw material and beer preparation. Brauwelt 122:618–20, 622, 624, 626.
Wackerbauer K, Kossa T, Tressl R (1978) Phenol formation by yeasts. Monatsschrift fuer Brauerei 31:52–55
Kieninger H, Narziss L, Miedaner H, Hecht S (1984) Changes of quality-determining compounds in the preparation of Bavarian wheat beers. Monatsschrift fuer Brauwissenschaft 37(9–18):55
Madigan D, McMurrough I (1994) Rapid determination of 4-vinyl guaiacol and ferulic acid in beers and worts by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Am Soc Brew Chem 52:152–155
Schieberle P (1991) Primary odorants of pale lager beer – differences to other beers and changes during storage. Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung 193:558–565
Tressl R, Renner R, Apetz M (1976) Volatile phenolic components in beer, smoked beer and sherry. Zeitschrift fuer Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 162:115–122
Villarreal R, Sierra JA, Cardenas L (1986) A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of 4-vinyl guaiacol in beer by electron-capture gas–liquid chromatography. J Am Soc Brew Chem 44:114–117
Wackerbauer K, Kramer P (1982) Bavarian wheat beer – an alternative. Production and composition. Brauwelt 122:758–60–762
Narziss L, Miedaner H, Nitzsche F (1990) The formation of 4-vinylguaiacol during the manufacture of Bavarian wheat beers (Weizenbier). Monatsschrift fuer Brauwissenschaft 43:96–100
Tressl R, Kossa T, Renner R (1974) Formation of aroma compounds in malt, wort, and beer. Monatsschrift fuer Brauerei 27:98–102
Schieberle P, Komarek D (2003) Changes in key aroma compounds during natural beer aging. In: Freshness and shelf life of foods, ACS symposium series. ACS, Washington DC, pp 70–79
Moir M (1992) The 1990 Laurence Bishop silver medal lecture – The desideratum for flavor control. J Inst Brew 98:215–220
Callemien D, Dasnoy S, Collin S (2006) Identification of a stale-beer-like odorant in extracts of naturally aged beer. J Agric Food Chem 54:1409–1413
Gijs L, Chevance F, Jerkovic V, Collin S (2002) How low pH can intensify beta-damascenone and dimethyl trisulfide production through beer aging. J Agric Food Chem 50:5612–5616
Asano K, Ohtsu K, Shinagawa K, Hashimoto N (1984) Turbidity formed in beer at low temperatures. Affinity of proanthocyanidins and their oxidation products for haze-forming proteins of beer and the formation of chill haze. Agric Biol Chem 48:1139–1146
Es-Safi NE, Le Guerneve C, Fulcrand H, Cheynier V, Moutounet M (1999) New polyphenolic compounds with xanthylium skeletons formed through reaction between (+)-catechin and glyoxylic acid. J Agric Food Chem 47:5211–5217
Es-Safi NE, Fulcrand H, Cheynier V, Moutounet M (1999) Studies on the acetaldehyde-induced condensation of (−)-epicatechin and malvidin 3-O-glucoside in a model solution system. J Agric Food Chem 47:2096–2102
Es-Safi NE, Cheynier V, Moutounet M (2000) Study of the reactions between (+)-catechin and furfural derivatives in the presence or absence of anthocyanins and their implication in food color change. J Agric Food Chem 48:5946–5954
Es-Safi NE, Le Guerneve C, Fulcrand H, Cheynier V, Moutounet M (2000) Xanthylium salts formation involved in wine colour changes. Int J Food Sci Technol 35:63–74
Callemien D, Counet C, Cawet Q, Collin S (2003) Hop as a determinant nutrition key for health? In: Proceedings of the 29th European Brewery Convention (Dublin). Fachverlag Hans Carl, Nürnberg, p 137
Jerkovic V, Collin S (2007) Occurrence of resveratrol and piceid in American and European hop cones. J Agric Food Chem 55:8754–8758
Jerkovic V, Collin S (2008) Fate of resveratrol and piceid through different hop processings and storage times. J Agric Food Chem 56:584–590
Jerkovic V, Callemien D, Collin S (2005) Determination of stilbenes in hop pellets from different cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 53:4202–4206
Jerkovic V, Collin S (2007) Resveratrol analogues in hop, malt, and adjuncts. In: Proceedings of the 31st European Brewery Convention, 76:1–6, Fachverlag Hans Carl, Nürnberg, Germany
Jerkovic V, Nguyen F, Timmermans A, Collin S (2008) Comparison of procedures for resveratrol analysis in beer. Assessment of stilbene stability through wort fermentation and beer aging. J Inst Brew 114:143–149
Delmas D, Jannin B, Latruffe N (2005) Resveratrol: preventing properties against vascular alterations and ageing. Mol Nutr Food Res 49:377–395
Fauconneau B, WaffoTeguo P, Huguet F, Barrier L, Decendit A, Merillon JM (1997) Comparative study of radical scavenger and antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds from Vitis vinifera cell cultures using in vitro tests. Life Sci 61:2103–2110
Orallo F (2006) Comparative studies of the antioxidant effects of cis- and trans-resveratrol. Curr Med Chem 13:87–98
Hollman PCH (1997) Bioavailability of flavonoids. Eur J Clin Nutr 51:S66–S69
Aggarwal BB, Bhardwaj A, Aggarwal RS, Seeram NP, Shishodia S, Takada Y (2004) Role of resveratrol in prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical studies. Anticancer Research 24(5A):2783–2840
Baur JA, Sinclair DA (2006) Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:493–506
Jang DS, Kang BS, Ryu SY, Chang IM, Min KR, Kim Y (1999) Inhibitory effects of resveratrol analogs on unopsonized zymosan-induced oxygen radical production. Biochem Pharmacol 57:705–712
De la Lastra CA, Villegas I (2005) Resveratrol as an anti-inflammatory and anti-aging agent: mechanisms and clinical implications. Mol Nutr Food Res 49:405–430
Basly JP, Marre-Fournier F, Le Bail JC, Habrioux G, Chulia AJ (2000) Estrogenic/antiestrogenic and scavenging properties of (E)- and (Z)-resveratrol. Life Sci 66:769–777
McMurrough I, Baert T (1994) Identification of proanthocyanidins in beer and their direct measurement with a dual electrode electrochemical detector. J Inst Brew 100:409–416
Delcour JA, Tuytens GM (1984) Structure elucidation of three dimeric proanthocyanidins isolated from a commercial Belgian pilsner beer. J Inst Brew 90:153–161
Eastmond R (1974) Separation and identification of a dimer of catechin occurring in beer. J Inst Brew 80:188–192
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Collin, S., Jerkovic, V., Bröhan, M., Callemien, D. (2013). Polyphenols and Beer Quality. In: Ramawat, K., Mérillon, JM. (eds) Natural Products. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_78
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_78
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-22143-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-22144-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics