Abstract
By use of a strategy incorporating the green fluorescent protein (GFP), facile and rapid monitoring and visualization of baculovirus infection in insect cells is possible in vivo. This chapter describes two techniques for simple determination of virus titer in the baculovirus expression system using GFP co-expression and rapid monitoring of Sf-9 insect cell infection using a combination of GFP and the early-to-late (ETL) promoter of the virus vector. Because of its early appearance, GFP, when placed under the control of ETL promoter, will facilitate vector construction, virus isolation, and titer determination.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
O'Reilly D, Miller L, Luckow V (1992) Baculovirus expression vectors: a laboratory manual. Oxford University Press, New York
Hink W, Vail P (1973) Plaque assay for titration of alfalfa looper nuclear polyhedrosis-virus in a cabbage-looper (Tn-368) cell line. J Invertebr Pathol 22:168–174
Janakiraman V, Forrest W, Seshagiri S (2006) Estimation of baculovirus titer based on viable cell size. Nat Protoc 1:2271–2276
Matindoost L, Chan L, Qi Y et al (2012) Suspension culture titration: a simple method for measuring baculovirus titers. J Virol Methods 183:201–209
Karkkainen H, Lesch H, Maatta A et al (2009) A 96-well format for a high-throughput baculovirus generation, fast titering and recombinant protein production in insect and mammalian cells. BMC Res Notes 2:63
Hitchman R, Siaterli E, Nixon C et al (2007) Quantitative real-time PCR for rapid and accurate titration of recombinant baculovirus particles. Biotechnol Bioeng 96:810–814
Makela A, Ernst W, Grabherr R et al (2010) Determination of recombinant baculovirus display viral titer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. doi:10.1101/pdb.prot5394
Hopkins R, Esposito D (2009) A rapid method for titrating baculovirus stocks using the Sf-9 Easy Titer cell line. Biotechniques 47:785–787
Lindeberger C, Pflug L, Huebner H et al (2012) A novel model for studying Baculovirus infection process. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 17:211–217
Salem T, Cheng X, Cheng X (2012) AcMNPV enhances infection by ThorNPV in Sf21 cells and SeMNPV in Hi5 cells. Arch Virol 157:1875–1885
Abdulrahman W, Uhring M, Kolb-Cheynel I et al (2009) A set of baculovirus transfer vectors for screening of affinity tags and parallel expression strategies. Anal Biochem 385:383–385
Sussman D (1995) 24-hour assay for estimating the titer of beta-galactosidase-expressing baculovirus. Biotechniques 18:50–51
Richardson C, Banville M, Lalumiere M et al (1992) Bacterial luciferase produced with rapid-screening baculovirus vectors is a sensitive reporter for infection of insect cells and larvae. Intervirology 34:213–227
Jansson C, Karp M, Okerblom C et al (1995) 2 human alpha(2)-adrenoceptor subtypes alpha(2)A-C10 and alpha(2)B-C2 expressed in Sf9 cells couple to transduction pathway resulting in opposite effects on cAMP production. Eur J Pharmacol 290:75–83
Philipps B, Forstner M, Mayr L (2004) Baculovirus expression system for magnetic sorting of infected cells and enhanced titer determination. Biotechniques 36:80–83
Shaner N, Steinbach P, Tsien R (2005) A guide to choosing fluorescent proteins. Nat Methods 2:905–909
Rizzo M, Davidson M, Piston D (2009) Fluorescent protein tracking and detection: fluorescent protein structure and color variants. Cold Spring Harb Protoc. doi:10.1101/pdb.top63
Chalfie M, Tu Y, Euskirchen G et al (1994) Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263:802–805
Shimomura O, Johnson F, Saiga Y (1962) Excitation, purification and properties of aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the luminous hydromedusan, Aequorea. J Cell Comp Physiol 59:223–227
Johnson F, Gershman L, Waters J et al (1962) Quantum efficiency of Cypridina luminescence, with a note on that of Aequorea. J Cell Comp Physiol 60:85–103
Prasher D, Eckenrode V, Ward W et al (1992) Primary structure of the Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein. Gene 111:229–233
Crameri A, Whitehorn E, Tate E et al (1996) Improved green fluorescent protein by molecular evolution using DNA shuffling. Nat Biotechnol 14:315–319
March J, Rao G, Bentley W (2003) Biotechnological applications of green fluorescent protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 62:303–315
Pakhomov A, Martynov V (2008) GFP family: structural insights into spectral tuning. Chem Biol 15:755–764
Chudakov D, Matz M, Lukyanov S et al (2010) Fluorescent proteins and their applications in imaging living cells and tissues. Physiol Rev 90:1103–1163
Chen C, Lin C, Chen G et al (2011) Baculovirus as a gene delivery vector: recent understandings of molecular alterations in transduced cells and latest applications. Biotechnol Adv 29:618–631
Tang X, Lu H, Ross T (2011) Baculovirus-produced influenza virus-like particles in mammalian cells protect mice from lethal influenza challenge. Viral Immunol 24:311–319
Lin Y, Yu C, Hu Y et al (2012) Enterovirus type 71 neutralizing antibodies in the serum of macaque monkeys immunized with EV71 virus-like particles. Vaccine 30:1305–1312
Hitchman R, Locanto E, Possee R et al (2011) Optimizing the baculovirus expression vector system. Methods 55:52–57
Miller L (1988) Baculoviruses as gene-expression vectors. Annu Rev Microbiol 42:177–199
Kost T, Condreay J, Jarvis D (2005) Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells. Nat Biotechnol 23:567–575
Luckow V, Summers M (1988) Trends in the development of baculovirus expression vectors. Nat Biotechnol 6:47–55
King L, Possee R (1992) The baculovirus expression system: a laboratory guide. Chapman and Hill, New York
Kato T, Park E (2007) Specific expression of GFPuv-beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 fusion protein in fat body of Bombyx mori silkworm larvae using signal peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 359:543–548
Pennock G, Shoemaker C, Miller L (1984) Strong and regulated expression of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase in insect cells with a baculovirus vector. Mol Cell Biol 4:399–406
Miller L (1993) Baculoviruses: high-level expression in insect cells. Curr Opin Genet Dev 3:97–101
Van Der Wilk F, Van Lent J, Vlak J (1987) Immunogold detection of polyhedrin, p10 and virion antigens in Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells. J Gen Virol 68:2615–2623
Wickham T, Davis T, Granados R et al (1992) Screening of insect cell-lines for the production of recombinant proteins and infectious virus in the baculovirus expression system. Biotechnol Prog 8:391–396
March J, Bentley W (2007) RNAi-based tuning of cell cycling in Drosophila S2 cells—effects on recombinant protein yield. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73:1128–1135
Hebert C, Valdes J, Bentley W (2009) In vitro and in vivo RNA interference mediated suppression of Tn-caspase-1 for improved recombinant protein production in High Five cell culture with the baculovirus expression vector system. Biotechnol Bioeng 104:390–399
Wu H, Hebert C, Hung C et al (2013) Tuning cell cycle of insect cells for enhanced protein production. J Biotechnol 168:55–61
Crawford A, Miller L (1988) Characterization of an early gene accelerating expression of late genes of the baculovirus Autographa-californica nuclear polyhedrosis-virus. J Virol 62:2773–2781
Dalal N, Cha H, Kramer S et al (2006) Rapid non-invasive monitoring of baculovirus infection for insect larvae using green fluorescent protein reporter under early-to-late promoter and a GFP-specific optical probe. Process Biochem 41:947–950
Dalal N, Bentley W, Cha H (2005) Facile monitoring of baculovirus infection for foreign protein expression under very late polyhedrin promoter using green fluorescent protein reporter under early-to-late promoter. Biochem Eng J 24:27–30
Cha H, Gotoh T, Bentley W (1997) Simplification of titer determination for recombinant baculovirus by green fluorescent protein marker. Biotechniques 23:782–784, 786
Luo X, Wu H, Tsao C et al (2012) Biofabrication of stratified biofilm mimics for observation and control of bacterial signaling. Biomaterials 33:5136–5143
Cheng Y, Luo X, Tsao C et al (2011) Biocompatible multi-address 3D cell assembly in microfluidic devices using spatially programmable gel formation. Lab Chip 11:2316–2318
Cha H, Pham M, Rao G et al (1997) Expression of green fluorescent protein in insect larvae and its application for heterologous protein production. Biotechnol Bioeng 56:239–247
Friesen P, Miller L (1986) The regulation of baculovirus gene-expression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 131:31–49
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Wu, HC., Cha, H.J., Bentley, W.E. (2016). Evaluating Baculovirus Infection Using Green Fluorescent Protein and Variants. In: Murhammer, D. (eds) Baculovirus and Insect Cell Expression Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1350. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3043-2_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3043-2_22
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3042-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3043-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols