Background

Femoral neck fracture is one of the most common orthopedic fractures in the elderly, which directly influences their mobility and causes clinical complications leading to a higher mortality rate [1, 2]. With the aging population, it is predicted that the total number of femoral neck fractures will rise to 6.26 million per year in 2050 [3]. Surgical treatment options for femoral neck fractures include internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty (THA) [4]. A study by Haidukewych et al. showed that bipolar hemiarthroplasty was associated with excellent component survivorship in elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures [5]. A bipolar hemiarthroplasty has become the accepted treatment for elderly displaced femoral neck fracture patients. Compared with THA, bipolar hemiarthroplasty has the advantages of a lower economic burden and a lower risk of dislocation after surgery [6]. Dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty of the hip is a rare but devastating complication that has a great impact on patient quality of life [7, 8].

The specific risk factors for dislocation have not yet been identified but generally can be classified into patient factors, surgical factors, and morphological factors. Patient factors (history of neurological disease and weakness of abduction muscles), morphological factors (center-edge angle, femoral neck offset, and leg length discrepancy), and surgical factors (surgery approach, choice of prosthesis, and repair of the short external rotator tendons) were reported to play an important role in dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty [9,10,11,12]. Adanir et al. reported measurements such as the center-edge angle and acetabular depth (which evaluated the shallowness of the acetabulum) were used to assess acetabular dysplasia [13], but the relationship between these measurements and dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty for patients without acetabular dysplasia remained unclear. In the current study, we explored the morphological risk factors for dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty.

Materials and methods

Between January 2011 and June 2017, 348 patients underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty in our department because of femoral neck fractures. A total of 350 bipolar hemiarthroplasties were performed with 2 patients who underwent bilateral surgeries. All patients had a minimum follow-up of at least 1 year.

A nested case-control design was used to analyze the risk factors for dislocation. Dislocation occurred in 12 patients and 2 patients experienced more than 1 incident of dislocation. A control group of 60 patients without dislocation were selected from the remaining 336 patients, based on age, sex, and time of surgery (approximate ratio of 1:5 of case to control), as shown in Fig. 1. Seven patients with dislocation were treated through closed reduction while three patients were treated through open reduction. Two patients who had recurrent dislocations were treated through conversion to THA.

Fig. 1
figure 1

The flowchart showed a nested case-control study with a ratio of 1:5 during the follow-up time from 2011 to 2017

Full size image

All bipolar hemiarthroplasties of the hip were performed following a posterolateral approach. Postoperative standard hip anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were obtained and rehabilitation training was guided by the same rehabilitation therapist team for all patients after surgery. All patients were instructed to avoid excessive hip adduction and internal rotation. Weight-bearing exercises started with the help of a walker or crutches during the first week and gradually increased to full weight-bearing within 4 weeks after surgery.

Patient data (age, sex, medical history including dementia, Parkinson’s disease, lacunar infarction, and diabetes) were collected from patient medical records. Morphological factors, including center-edge angle, abduction angle, acetabular depth and width, depth-to-width ratio, femoral neck offset, leg length discrepancy, and femoral head coverage ratio were measured from the hip anteroposterior radiographs after surgery.

The measurements of the center-edge angle (CE angle), abduction angle femoral neck offset, and leg length discrepancy are shown in Fig. 2 [14,15,16]. The measurement of the femoral head coverage ratio is shown in Fig. 3 [13]. The measurement of the acetabular width, depth, and depth to width ratio are shown in Fig. 4 [17].

Fig. 2
figure 2

Measurement of center-edge angle (CE.A), abduction angle (AB.A), leg length discrepancy (LLD), and femoral neck offset. (LLD is the difference in perpendicular distance between a line passing through the lower edge of the teardrop points to the corresponding tip of the lesser trochanter)

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Femoral head coverage ratio: ratio of the length between the innermost point of the femoral head and the outer corner of the acetabulum to the length of the femoral head (ratio of a to b)

Full size image
Fig. 4
figure 4

Acetabular width: length of the line joining the lateral edge of the acetabulum to the pelvic teardrop. Acetabular depth: length of another line perpendicular to width line at the point of the greatest acetabular depth. Depth to width ratio: ratio of acetabular depth to width

Full size image

Statistical analysis

Statistical methods

Categorical data were presented as counts and percentages. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± SD or median (P25, P75) according to their distributions. The chi-square test was applied to test the equality of proportions. The Student t test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the difference between the two groups. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the hip measurements associated with dislocation. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to predict certain factors related to dislocation. In all the tests, a P value of < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. All the statistical analyses were performed using SPSS19.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). ROC curves were created using MEDCALC software (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium).

Results

The incidence of dislocation in the current study was 3.4% (12 of 348 patients), 1 male and 11 female patients with a mean age of 85 years. The value of the time from fracture to surgery and the time from surgery to dislocation followed the non-normal distribution, while all the other variables including the hip measurements followed the normal distribution according to the normal distribution test. All the hip measurements followed the equality of the variance between the two groups according to Levene’s test (P > 0.10). The median time from bipolar hemiarthroplasty to the first incident of dislocation was 36 days (range, 3–137 days). Eleven dislocations occurred within 2 months after surgery and 1 at 137 days. Eight patients suffered dislocations without trauma while four patients suffered dislocations because of a same-level fall (Table 1).

Table 1 Dislocation patient demographics including the sex, age, time from surgery to dislocation, cause of dislocation, treatment method, and medical history
Full size table

No statistically significant difference existed between the two groups regarding age, sex, and medical history, including Parkinson’s disease, dementia, lacunar infarction, and diabetes. The median time from fracture to surgery was 4 (range, 0.5–7) days in the dislocation group and 3 (range, 2–6) days in the control group, with no significant difference according to the Mann-Whitney U test (Table 2).

Table 2 Comparison of clinical data and acetabular measurements between dislocation and control group
Full size table

Compared with an age-and-sex-matched control group, five hip measurements showed statistically significant differences in the dislocation group according to the Student t test, as shown in Table 2. Patients in the dislocation group had a smaller CE angle (38.9 ± 5.9° vs. 48.7 ± 5.4°, P < 0.001), a greater abduction angle (37.9 ± 3.1 vs. 34.2 ± 3.7°, P = 0.002), a smaller acetabular depth (17.58 ± 2.19 mm vs. 20.41 ± 1.73 mm, P < 0.001), a smaller depth-to-width ratio (0.28 ± 0.036 vs. 0.32 ± 0.027, P < 0.001), and a smaller femoral head coverage ratio (0.87 ± 0.043 vs. 0.92 ± 0.047, P < 0.001) (Table 2). There were no statistically significant differences in other hip measurements according to the Student t test, as shown in Table 2.

To investigate the five measurements (CE angle, abduction angle, acetabular depth, depth-to-width ratio, and femoral head coverage ratio), which demonstrated significant differences in the dislocation group, we used a multivariate logistic regression model. We formulated three models to investigate the link between the acetabular depth and depth-to-width ratio (Table 3). To compare their effects on the risk of dislocation, the values of the depth-to-width ratio, acetabular depth, and femoral head coverage ratio were standardized into D/W-z, D-z, and FC.R-z using z-score normalization. A significant difference in the CE angle was observed in all three models. In model 1, which involved all five measurements, the CE angle demonstrated the most significant difference (OR, 0.726; 95%CI, 0.529–0.996; P = 0.047). In model 2, where depth (D-z) was analyzed instead of depth-to-width ratio (D/W-z), a decreased CE angle (0R, 0.739; 95%CI, 0.556, 0.982; P = 0.037) and a decreased depth (D-z) (OR, 0.146; 95%CI, 0.025–0.860; P = 0.033) were found to increase the risk of dislocation. In model 3, where depth-to-width ratio (D/W-z) was analyzed instead of depth (D-z), D/W-z showed the same trend as D-z (OR, 0.076; 95CI%, 0.004–1.048; P = 0.084), and additional effects were associated with a P value approaching significance. The depth-to-width ratio (D/W-z) may have more predictive value than depth (D-z).

Table 3 Result of logistic regression of 5 measurements in 3 models
Full size table

The abduction angle and femoral head coverage ratio both showed no significant difference in all three models. A smaller acetabular depth was associated with a higher risk of dislocation (OR, 0.146; 95%CI, 0.025–0.860; P = 0.033) (model 2). However, when the depth-to-width ratio was considered (model 1), it was not statistically significant (OR, 0.493; 95%CI, 0.025–9.745; P = 0.642). As shown in the ROC curve, predicting dislocation using the existence of a CE angle of no more than 45.4° had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 80% (Fig. 5a). In addition, predicting dislocation using the existence of an acetabular depth of no more than 19.12 mm had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 76.7% (Fig. 5b).

Fig. 5
figure 5

ROC curves of a CE angle and b acetabular depth as criterion for dislocation

Full size image

Discussions

It has been reported that compared with THA, bipolar hemiarthroplasty has a lower dislocation rate after surgery [6]. In theory, bipolar hemiarthroplasty involves an additional articulating joint within the head, thereby allowing movement to occur both at the prosthesis acetabular interface and within the prosthesis. In addition, the metallic shell has a large diameter, reducing the dislocation rate [18]. However, in the current study, dislocation still occurred at a rate of 3.4%, which is in agreement with the published incidence of dislocation ranging from 1.1 to 5% [5, 19, 20]. The factors contributing to dislocation are still controversial. Many factors have been reported to be associated with the occurrence of dislocation such as neuromuscular disease, surgical approach and the choice of prosthesis [9,10,11,12]. We performed the current study to investigate if morphological factors are associated with dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty. We found that most of the dislocation patients had smaller acetabular coverage compared with the control group patients.

Radiographically, acetabular dysplasia is defined by either a CE angle of ≤ 25° (severe if ≤ 20°) or an acetabular depth of < 9 mm [21, 22]. In the current study, all the dislocation patients had a CE angle ranging from 29.6° to 45.4°, and an acetabular depth ranging from 13.03 mm to 20.65 mm, indicating that they did not display acetabular dysplasia. Although the patients were not considered to have acetabular dysplasia, the ROC curve showed that patients with a CE angle of ≤ 45.4° or an acetabular depth of ≤ 19.12 mm were more likely to suffer dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty. A Korean study also reported that people with a CE angle of ≤ 44° were significantly more likely to suffer dislocation compared with those with a CE angle of >44° [10]. Here, we studied the ROC curve for the CE angle as well as for the acetabular depth.

In the current study, we found that a smaller CE angle was a major risk factor for dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty (OR, 0.726; 95%CI, 0.529–0.996; P = 0.047, model 1, Table 3). People with a smaller acetabular depth were more likely to suffer dislocation (OR, 0.46; 95%CI, 0.025–0.860; P = 0.033, model 2, Table 3). Acetabular depth can directly indicate the shallowness of the acetabulum and may affect dislocation. Compared with absolute acetabular depth, a smaller depth-to-width ratio may better describe the shallowness of the acetabulum in the case that a small acetabular width is also present. Although the depth-to-width ratio showed no significant difference in all the models, it should be taken into consideration when the acetabulum is measured. Compared with acetabular depth, the depth-to-width ratio may reduce individual variation and better evaluate the degree of shallowness of the acetabulum (Table 3).

Bipolar hemiarthroplasty does not change the morphology of the acetabular side, especially when patients have shallower acetabular measurements such as a smaller CE angle and a smaller acetabular depth, which predisposes them to dislocation. Patients with a shallower acetabulum may be prone to dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Compared with bipolar hemiarthroplasty, THA has the advantage of adjusting the acetabular side. Cobb et al. found that when an elevated liner of the acetabulum was used in THA, the stability of the hip after THA was improved and a lower dislocation risk was found [23]. Nakashima Y et al. reported that cement-free stem anteversion varied widely and a combined anteversion technique is useful to reduce the incidence of dislocation in cement-free THA [24]. THA has the advantages of correcting the shallowness of the acetabulum directly by setting an acetabular cup and adjusting the combined anteversion by controlling both femoral and acetabular anteversion while bipolar hemiarthroplasty can only adjust the anteversion of the femoral side.

For recurrent dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty, conversion to THA is usually used. Sierra et al. suggested that for dislocation patients with additional contributing factors such as a shallow acetabulum socket, open reduction is needed, with or without component revision including conversion to THA [20]. In a study performed by Encoson et al., 1 of 720 patients had recurrent dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty because of a shallow acetabular socket and was finally treated by converting to THA [9]. In the current study, two patients suffered from recurrent dislocation. They had indications of a comparatively shallow acetabulum (CE angle of 30.3° and 31°, acetabular depth of 15.31 mm and 13.03 mm). Both of the patients were treated with a surgical conversion to THA and did not suffer from subsequent dislocations. THA has the advantage of providing better acetabulum coverage to correct acetabular shallowness.

There are some limitations to the current study. The sample size was relatively small and the incidence of dislocation was 3.4%. A nested case-control is often used when the outcome is rare or when the interest of exposure difficult to obtain. In the current study, we performed a 1:5 ratio nested case-to control study. For each dislocation patient, we matched five control patients in terms of age, sex, and time of surgery to eliminate several confounding factors and increase the reliability of the study.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the current study suggests that a smaller CE angle is a risk factor for dislocation after bipolar hemiarthroplasty. There was a trend for people with a smaller acetabular depth or depth-to-width ratio to suffer from postoperative dislocation. A bipolar hemiarthroplasty should be carefully considered when the acetabulum tends to be shallow and a total hip replacement should be performed if necessary.