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Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation

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Abstract

Envenoming caused by snakebites is a very important neglected tropical disease worldwide. The myotoxic phospholipases present in the bothropic venom disrupt the sarcolemma and compromise the mechanisms of energy production, leading to myonecrosis. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been used as an effective tool to treat diverse cases of injuries, such as snake venom-induced myonecrosis. Based on that, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of PBMT through low-level laser irradiation (904 nm) on the muscle regeneration after the myonecrosis induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom (Bjssu) injection, focusing on myogenic regulatory factors expression, such as Pax7, MyoD, and Myogenin (MyoG). Male Swiss mice (Mus musculus), 6–8-week-old, weighing 22 ± 3 g were used. Single sub-lethal Bjssu dose or saline was injected into the right mice gastrocnemius muscle. At 3, 24, 48, and 72 h after injections, mice were submitted to PBMT treatment. When finished the periods of 48 and 72 h, mice were euthanized and the right gastrocnemius were collected for analyses. We observed extensive inflammatory infiltrate in all the groups submitted to Bjssu injections. PBMT was able to reduce the myonecrotic area at 48 and 72 h after envenomation. There was a significant increase of MyoG mRNA expression at 72 h after venom injection. The data suggest that beyond the protective effect promoted by PBMT against Bjssu-induced myonecrosis, the low-level laser irradiation was able to stimulate the satellite cells, thus enhancing the muscle repair by improving myogenic differentiation.

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Availability of data and materials

The data sets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author (MACH; hofling@unicamp.br) upon request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Grants from São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Proc. 05/53625-1) (http://www.fapesp.br/) and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Grants #488792/2011 and #486142/2012-4) (http://www.cnpq.br/). MACH is an IA research fellow from CNPq (Grant #305099/2011-6); WFV was a Master Sci. student granted with a scholarship from Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) (http://www.capes.gov.br/) at the Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics (FEEC-UNICAMP), and Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology (IB-UNICAMP). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We would like to thank Professor Vitor Baranauskas (Brazilian Academy of Sciences, in memoriam) by his contribution to science in the last years and for all support given for the realization of this study. Professor Baranauskas passed way in October, 2014.

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Author notes

  1. Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling

    Present address: Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

  2. Willians Fernando Vieira

    Present address: Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil

    Willians Fernando Vieira

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Willians Fernando Vieira, Bruno Kenzo-Kagawa, Lúcia Elvira Alvares & Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling

  3. Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Brazil University, Itaquera - São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    José Carlos Cogo

  4. Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil

    Willians Fernando Vieira & Vitor Baranauskas

Authors
  1. Willians Fernando Vieira
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  2. Bruno Kenzo-Kagawa
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Correspondence to Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling.

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The authors have stated explicitly that there are no conflicts of interest in connection with this article.

Ethics approval

All experiments were done in accordance to ethical guidelines of the Brazilian National Council for Animal Experimentation Control (CONCEA) and the Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (COBEA), and were approved by the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) institutional Committee for Ethics in Animal Use (CEUA/UNICAMP, protocol no. 2950-1). Good laboratory practices were followed according to the international standards for animal experimentation, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guides for the care and use of Laboratory animals (NIH Publications No. 8023, revised 1978), and comply with the ARRIVE guidelines.

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Vitor Baranauskas: Deceased.

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Vieira, W.F., Kenzo-Kagawa, B., Alvares, L.E. et al. Exploring the ability of low-level laser irradiation to reduce myonecrosis and increase Myogenin transcription after Bothrops jararacussu envenomation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 20, 571–583 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-021-00041-x

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