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Adsorption of Congo red and malachite green using H3PO4 and NaCl-modified activated carbon from rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed shells

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Abstract

Cationic dyes are toxic environmental pollutants that need to be mitigated from the aqueous environment. In this study, Hevea brasiliensis seed shells (HBSS) activated with H3PO4 (PHBSS) and NaCl (SHBSS) were explored for the removal of Congo red (CR) and malachite green (MG) from their aqueous solutions. The adsorbents were carbonised at 300 °C for 3 h and characterised by FTIR, SEM and XRF. Maximum removals for CR and MG were observed at pH 2 and pH 10, respectively. The uptake of both dyes was optimum at 0.3 mm particle size, 2 g/L adsorbent dosage and 100 mg/L initial dye concentration. The adsorption capacity of PHBSS and SHBSS to CR was 55.87 and 50.51 mg/g, respectively, while for MG was 58.48 and 56.82 mg/g, respectively. The study observed that the uptake of both dyes by both adsorbents was best fit to the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The thermodynamics modelling revealed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic. The mechanism of CR and MG uptake was by a combination of electrostatic attraction, π–π electron–donor interaction, hydrogen bonds and pore diffusion. Furthermore, H3PO4 was a better activating agent for HBSS than NaCl given the current application.

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Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

Abbreviations

AC:

Activated carbon

AWWA:

American Water Works Association

CR:

Congo red

FTIR:

Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy

HBSS:

Hevea brasiliensis Seed shells

MG:

Malachite green

PHBSS:

H3PO4-treated HBSS activated carbon

SHBSS:

NaCl-treated HBSS activated carbon

UHBSS:

Unmodified HBSS activated carbon

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

XRF:

X-ray fluorescence

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, PMB 5025, Awka, Nigeria

    Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe, Joshua O. Ighalo & Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Joshua O. Ighalo

  3. Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

    Kenechukwu Keluo Onyechi

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  1. Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe
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  3. Kenechukwu Keluo Onyechi
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  4. Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli
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Igwegbe, C.A., Ighalo, J.O., Onyechi, K.K. et al. Adsorption of Congo red and malachite green using H3PO4 and NaCl-modified activated carbon from rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed shells. Sustain. Water Resour. Manag. 7, 63 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-021-00544-6

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