Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multifunctional two-dimensional glassy graphene devices for vis-NIR photodetection and volatile organic compound sensing

多功能二维玻璃态石墨烯器件用于可见光-近红外光探测与挥发性液体传感

  • Articles
  • Published:
Science China Materials Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Multifunctional devices are of great interest for integration and miniaturization on the same platform, but simple addition of functionalities would lead to excessively large devices. Here, the photodetection and chemical sensing device is developed based on two-dimensional (2D) glassy-graphene that meets similar property requirements for the two functionalities. An appropriate bandgap arising from the distorted lattice structure enables glassy graphene to exhibit comparable or even improved photodetection and chemical sensing capability, compared with pristine graphene. Due to strong interactions between glassy graphene and the ambient atmosphere, the devices are less sensitive to photoinduced desorption than the ones based on graphene. Consequently, the few-layer glassy graphene device delivers positive photoresponse, with a responsivity of 0.22 A W−1 and specific detectivity reaching ~1010 Jones under 405 nm illumination. Moreover, the intrinsic defects and strain in glassy graphene can enhance the adsorption of analytes, leading to high chemical sensing performance. Specifically, the extracted signal-to-noise-ratio of the glassy graphene device for detecting acetone is 48, representing more than 50% improvement over the device based on graphene. Additionally, bias-voltage- and thickness-dependent volatile organic compound (VOC) sensing features are identified, indicating the few-layer glassy graphene is more sensitive. This study successfully demonstrates the potential of glassy graphene for integrated photodetection and chemical sensing, providing a promising solution for multifunctional applications further beyond.

摘要

本文设计了基于二维玻璃态石墨烯的多功能器件. 与本征石墨烯相比, 扭曲的晶格结构打开了玻璃态石墨烯的带隙, 表现出与石墨烯类似甚至更优异的光电探测与化学传感性能. 由于玻璃态石墨烯与空气中的小分子间较强的相互作用, 该器件受到光致脱附的影响更小, 呈现出正的光响应. 在405 nm的激光照射下, 器件的响应率为0.22 A W−1, 探测率为~1010 Jones. 此外, 玻璃态石墨烯中的固有缺陷和应变可增强分析物的吸附, 获得良好的化学传感性能. 玻璃态石墨烯器件探测丙酮的信噪比为48, 比石墨烯器件提 高了50%以上. 此外, 对偏压和厚度有关的挥发性有机化合物(VOC)感测功能的分析表明, 少层玻璃态石墨烯更为敏感. 这项研究表明玻璃态石墨烯在集成光电探测和化学传感多功能器件方面具有巨大应用前景.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hua Q, Sun J, Liu H, et al. Skin-inspired highly stretchable and conformable matrix networks for multifunctional sensing. Nat Commun, 2018, 9: 244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gogurla N, Sinha AK, Santra S, et al. Multifunctional Au-ZnO plasmonic nanostructures for enhanced UV photodetector and room temperature NO sensing devices. Sci Rep, 2014, 4: 6483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Li J, Niu L, Zheng Z, et al. Photosensitive graphene transistors. Adv Mater, 2014, 26: 5239–5273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Liu CH, Chang YC, Norris TB, et al. Graphene photodetectors with ultra-broadband and high responsivity at room temperature. Nat Nanotech, 2014, 9: 273–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Koppens FHL, Mueller T, Avouris P, et al. Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems. Nat Nanotech, 2014, 9: 780–793

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ren A, Zou J, Lai H, et al. Direct laser-patterned MXene-perovskite image sensor arrays for visible-near infrared photodetection. Mater Horiz, 2020, 7: 1901–1911

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bariya M, Nyein HYY, Javey A. Wearable sweat sensors. Nat Electron, 2018, 1: 160–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Giraldo JP, Wu H, Newkirk GM, et al. Nanobiotechnology approaches for engineering smart plant sensors. Nat Nanotechnol, 2019, 14: 541–553

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fine GF, Cavanagh LM, Afonja A, et al. Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors in environmental monitoring. Sensors, 2010, 10: 5469–5502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Chuang CC, Prasannan A, Huang BR, et al. Simple synthesis of eco-friendly multifunctional silk-sericin capped zinc oxide nanorods and their potential for fabrication of hydrogen sensors and UV photodetectors. ACS Sustain Chem Eng, 2017, 5: 4002–4010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Shaikh SK, Ganbavle VV, Inamdar SI, et al. Multifunctional zinc oxide thin films for high-performance UV photodetectors and nitrogen dioxide gas sensors. RSC Adv, 2016, 6: 25641–25650

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Xu H, Ren A, Wu J, et al. Recent advances in 2D MXenes for photodetection. Adv Funct Mater, 2020, 30: 2000907

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chang H, Sun Z, Saito M, et al. Regulating infrared photoresponses in reduced graphene oxide phototransistors by defect and atomic structure control. ACS Nano, 2013, 7: 6310–6320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Makaram P, Owens D, Aceros J. Trends in nanomaterial-based non-invasive diabetes sensing technologies. Diagnostics, 2014, 4: 27–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hakim M, Broza YY, Barash O, et al. Volatile organic compounds of lung cancer and possible biochemical pathways. Chem Rev, 2012, 112: 5949–5966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Broza YY, Haick H. Nanomaterial-based sensors for detection of disease by volatile organic compounds. Nanomedicine, 2013, 8: 785–806

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bruen D, Delaney C, Florea L, et al. Glucose sensing for diabetes monitoring: Recent developments. Sensors, 2017, 17: 1866–1887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yamada K, Ohishi K, Gilbert A, et al. Measurement of natural carbon isotopic composition of acetone in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2016, 408: 1597–1607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of graphene. Nat Mater, 2007, 6: 183–191

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhu J, Xu H, Zou G, et al. MoS2-OH bilayer-mediated growth of inch-sized monolayer MoS2 on arbitrary substrates. J Am Chem Soc, 2019, 141: 5392–5401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Du W, Yu P, Zhu J, et al. An ultrathin MoSe2 photodetector with near-perfect absorption. Nanotechnology, 2020, 31: 225201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lv Q, Yan F, Wei X, et al. High-performance, self-driven photodetector based on graphene sandwiched GaSe/WS2 heterojunction. Adv Opt Mater, 2017, 6: 1700490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wang X, Cui Y, Li T, et al. Recent advances in the functional 2D photonic and optoelectronic devices. Adv Opt Mater, 2019, 7: 1801274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wei X, Yan F, Lv Q, et al. Fast gate-tunable photodetection in the graphene sandwiched WSe2/GaSe heterojunctions. Nanoscale, 2017, 9: 8388–8392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mueller T, Xia F, Avouris P. Graphene photodetectors for highspeed optical communications. Nat Photon, 2010, 4: 297–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Singh E, Meyyappan M, Nalwa HS. Flexible graphene-based wearable gas and chemical sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017, 9: 34544–34586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bae S, Kim H, Lee Y, et al. Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nat Nanotech, 2010, 5: 574–578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nair RR, Blake P, Grigorenko AN, et al. Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene. Science, 2008, 320: 1308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Xia F, Mueller T, Golizadeh-Mojarad R, et al. Photocurrent imaging and efficient photon detection in a graphene transistor. Nano Lett, 2009, 9: 1039–1044

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Park J, Ahn YH, Ruiz-Vargas C. Imaging of photocurrent generation and collection in single-layer graphene. Nano Lett, 2009, 9: 1742–1746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Schedin F, Geim AK, Morozov SV, et al. Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat Mater, 2007, 6: 652–655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dai X, Wu J, Qian Z, et al. Ultra-smooth glassy graphene thin films for flexible transparent circuits. Sci Adv, 2016, 2: e1601574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Xu H, Han X, Dai X, et al. High detectivity and transparent few-layer MoS2/glassy-graphene heterostructure photodetectors. Adv Mater, 2018, 30: 1706561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Gupta Chatterjee S, Chatterjee S, Ray AK, et al. Graphene-metal oxide nanohybrids for toxic gas sensor: A review. Sens Actuat B-Chem, 2015, 221: 1170–1181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yuan W, Shi G. Graphene-based gas sensors. J Mater Chem A, 2013, 1: 10078–10091

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Shen K, Li X, Xu H, et al. Enhanced performance of ZnO nanoparticle decorated all-inorganic CsPbBr3 quantum dot photodetectors. J Mater Chem A, 2019, 7: 6134–6142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Di Bartolomeo A, Giubileo F, Iemmo L, et al. Transfer characteristics and contact resistance in Ni- and Ti-contacted graphene-based field-effect transistors. J Phys-Condens Matter, 2013, 25: 155303

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Di Bartolomeo A, Santandrea S, Giubileo F, et al. Effect of backgate on contact resistance and on channel conductance in graphene-based field-effect transistors. Diamond Related Mater, 2013, 38: 19–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Anichini C, Czepa W, Pakulski D, et al. Chemical sensing with 2D materials. Chem Soc Rev, 2018, 47: 4860–4908

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Xie C, Mak C, Tao X, et al. Photodetectors based on two-dimensional layered materials beyond graphene. Adv Funct Mater, 2017, 27: 1603886

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Xu H, Zhu J, Zou G, et al. Spatially bandgap-graded MoS2(1−x)Se2x homojunctions for self-powered visible-near-infrared phototransistors. Nano-Micro Lett, 2020, 12: 26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lemme MC, Koppens FHL, Falk AL, et al. Gate-activated photoresponse in a graphene p-n junction. Nano Lett, 2011, 11: 4134–4137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kim CO, Kim S, Shin DH, et al. High photoresponsivity in an all-graphene p-n vertical junction photodetector. Nat Commun, 2014, 5: 3249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Rathi S, Lee I, Lim D, et al. Tunable electrical and optical characteristics in monolayer graphene and few-layer MoS2 heterostructure devices. Nano Lett, 2015, 15: 5017–5024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang W, Huang JK, Chen CH, et al. High-gain phototransistors based on a CVD MoS2 monolayer. Adv Mater, 2013, 25: 3456–3461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Di Bartolomeo A, Giubileo F, Romeo F, et al. Graphene field effect transistors with niobium contacts and asymmetric transfer characteristics. Nanotechnology, 2015, 26: 475202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Piazza A, Giannazzo F, Buscarino G, et al. Graphene p-type doping and stability by thermal treatments in molecular oxygen controlled atmosphere. J Phys Chem C, 2015, 119: 22718–22723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Yang CM, Chen TC, Yang YC, et al. Enhanced acetone sensing properties of monolayer graphene at room temperature by electrode spacing effect and UV illumination. Sens Actuat B-Chem, 2017, 253: 77–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sun P, Zhu M, Wang K, et al. Photoinduced molecular desorption from graphene films. Appl Phys Lett, 2012, 101: 053107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Qin X, Meng Q, Zhao W. Effects of Stone-Wales defect upon adsorption of formaldehyde on graphene sheet with or without Al dopant: A first principle study. Surf Sci, 2011, 605: 930–933

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Safaei A, Chandra S, Shabbir MW, et al. Dirac plasmon-assisted asymmetric hot carrier generation for room-temperature infrared detection. Nat Commun, 2019, 10: 3498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Lai SK, Tang L, Hui YY, et al. A deep ultraviolet to near-infrared photoresponse from glucose-derived graphene oxide. J Mater Chem C, 2014, 2: 6971–6977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Qi X, Zou X, Huang Z, et al. Ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared photoresponse properties of solution processed graphene oxide. Appl Surf Sci, 2013, 266: 332–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Shen K, Xu H, Li X, et al. Flexible and self-powered photodetector arrays based on all-inorganic CsPbBr3 quantum dots. Adv Mater, 2020, 32: 2000004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhang W, Chiu MH, Chen CH, et al. Role of metal contacts in high-performance phototransistors based on WSe2 monolayers. ACS Nano, 2014, 8: 8653–8661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Yang T, Zhang H, Wang Y, et al. Interconnected graphene/polymer micro-tube piping composites for liquid sensing. Nano Res, 2014, 7: 869–876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Dutta D, Wood BC, Bhide SY, et al. Enhanced gas adsorption on graphitic substrates via defects and local curvature: A density functional theory study. J Phys Chem C, 2014, 118: 7741–7750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. An W, Wu X, Yang JL, et al. Adsorption and surface reactivity on single-walled boron nitride nanotubes containing Stone-Wales defects. J Phys Chem C, 2007, 111: 14105–14112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Masoud Darvish G, Hoda M, Azadeh K. Acetone adsorption on pristine and Pt-doped graphene: A first-principles vdW-DF study. Commun Theor Phys, 2015, 64: 576–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Panchal V, Giusca CE, Lartsev A, et al. Atmospheric doping effects in epitaxial graphene: Correlation of local and global electrical studies. 2D Mater, 2016, 3: 015006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Miyazaki H, Matsumoto R, Katagiri M, et al. MoCl5 intercalation doping and oxygen passivation of submicrometer-sized multilayer graphene. Jpn J Appl Phys, 2017, 56: 04CP02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Chen TC, Yang YC, Liu HL, et al. The effect of monolayer graphene on the UV assisted NO2 sensing and recovery at room temperature. Proceedings, 2017, 1: 461

    Google Scholar 

  63. Gao T, Woodka MD, Brunschwig BS, et al. Chemiresistors for array-based vapor sensing using composites of carbon black with low volatility organic molecules. Chem Mater, 2006, 18: 5193–5202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Tung TT, Castro M, Kim TY, et al. High stability silver nanoparticles-graphene/poly(ionic liquid)-based chemoresistive sensors for volatile organic compounds’ detection. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2014, 406: 3995–4004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Pearce R, Iakimov T, Andersson M, et al. Epitaxially grown graphene based gas sensors for ultra sensitive NO2 detection. Sens Actuat B-Chem, 2011, 155: 451–455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Aliofkhazraei M, Ali N, Milne WI, et al. Graphene Science Handbook: Applications and Industrialization. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2016

    Book  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang D, Liu A, Chang H, et al. Room-temperature highperformance acetone gas sensor based on hydrothermal synthesized SnO2-reduced graphene oxide hybrid composite. RSC Adv, 2015, 5: 3016–3022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Jiang X, Yang T, Li C, et al. Rapid liquid recognition and quality inspection with graphene test papers. Glob Challenges, 2017, 1: 1700037

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Gross MA, Sales MJA, Soler MAG, et al. Reduced graphene oxide multilayers for gas and liquid phases chemical sensing. RSC Adv, 2014, 4: 17917–17924

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rahman MM, Khan SB, Asiri AM, et al. Acetone sensor based on solvothermally prepared ZnO doped with Co3O4 nanorods. Microchim Acta, 2013, 180: 675–685

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Li J, Lu Y, Ye Q, et al. Carbon nanotube sensors for gas and organic vapor detection. Nano Lett, 2003, 3: 929–933

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Cui S, Pu H, Wells SA, et al. Ultrahigh sensitivity and layer-dependent sensing performance of phosphorene-based gas sensors. Nat Commun, 2015, 6: 8632

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kou L, Du A, Chen C, et al. Strain engineering of selective chemical adsorption on monolayer MoS2. Nanoscale, 2014, 6: 5156–5161

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sahoo M, Wang J, Zhang Y, et al. Modulation of gas adsorption and magnetic properties of monolayer-MoS2 by antisite defect and strain. J Phys Chem C, 2016, 120: 14113–14121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gautam M, Jayatissa AH. Detection of organic vapors by graphene films functionalized with metallic nanoparticles. J Appl Phys, 2012, 112: 114326

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61974014) and the EPSRC Future Compound Semiconductor Manufacturing Hub (EP/P006973/1). Dr. Hao Xu and Jian Guo thank the China Scholarship Council (CSC). We thank Sanjayan Sathasivam and Siyu Xiong for their help in the XPS, UPS and contact angle measurements, respectively.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally to this paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK

    Xiao Li  (李潇), Hao Xu  (徐浩), Kai Shen  (沈凯), Huiyun Liu  (刘会赟) & Jiang Wu  (巫江)

  2. Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China

    Xiao Li  (李潇), Hao Xu  (徐浩), Caihong Li  (李彩虹) & Jiang Wu  (巫江)

  3. School of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China

    Xiao Dai  (戴晓) & Guifu Zou  (邹贵付)

  4. Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK

    Jian Guo  (郭建), Ivan P. Parkin & Zhengxiao Guo  (郭正晓)

  5. Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, Roberts Building, Malet Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK

    Kwang-Leong Choy

  6. Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

    Zhengxiao Guo  (郭正晓)

  7. Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Qingshan Lake SciTech City, Hangzhou, 311305, China

    Zhengxiao Guo  (郭正晓)

Authors
  1. Xiao Li  (李潇)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiao Dai  (戴晓)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hao Xu  (徐浩)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kai Shen  (沈凯)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jian Guo  (郭建)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Caihong Li  (李彩虹)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Guifu Zou  (邹贵付)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Kwang-Leong Choy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Ivan P. Parkin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Zhengxiao Guo  (郭正晓)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Huiyun Liu  (刘会赟)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Jiang Wu  (巫江)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Author contributions Li X, Xu H and Wu J conceived the idea and designed the experiments; Dai X and Zou G synthesized the glassy graphene thin films; Li X and Xu H performed the device fabrication; Li X, Shen K, Guo J, Parkin IP and Guo Z performed the material characterizations; Li X, Xu H and Li C performed the device measurements; Li X, Xu H, Choy KL, Liu H and Wu J analyzed the data; Li X and Xu H wrote the manuscript. All authors commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Hao Xu  (徐浩), Guifu Zou  (邹贵付) or Kwang-Leong Choy.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Hao Xu is a research Professor at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC). He received his Master’s degree in microelectronics from Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and his PhD degree in photonics and nanotechnology from the University College London (UCL). His current research is focused on low-dimensional semiconductors and their applications for nanoelectronics and optoelectronics.

Guifu Zou received his PhD degree in chemistry from the University of Science and Technology of China in 2006. Following a postdoctoral position in Umea University (Sweden), he was appointed as a Director’s Postdoctoral Fellow at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2007. He joined Soochow University in 2011. His research focuses on inorganic thin films and emerging materials including 2D materials, perovskites, superconductors, and their potential applications in photovoltaics.

Kwang-Leong Choy is a Professor at UCL and Director of UCL Institute for Materials Discovery which was founded by her in 2014. She obtained her PhD in materials science from the University of Oxford. She also held academic positions at the Imperial College London and the University of Nottingham. The current focus of Choy’s group is nanomaterials, thin films and coatings for structural, functional and biomedical applications.

Supplementary information

40843_2020_1601_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Multifunctional two-dimensional glassy graphene devices for vis-NIR photodetection and volatile organic compound sensing

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, X., Dai, X., Xu, H. et al. Multifunctional two-dimensional glassy graphene devices for vis-NIR photodetection and volatile organic compound sensing. Sci. China Mater. 64, 1964–1976 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-020-1601-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-020-1601-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation