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Contrasting soil fungal communities in Mediterranean pine forests subjected to different wildfire frequencies

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Abstract

Mediterranean forest ecosystems are characterized by various vascular plant groups with their associated mycorrhizae and free living soil fungi with various ecological functions. Fire plays a major role in Mediterranean ecosystem dynamics and impacts both above- and below-ground community structure and functioning. However, studies on the effects induced by altered disturbance regimes (associated with recent land use and climate extremes) on fire ecology and especially on its below-ground impacts are few. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of different wildfire regimes on soil fungal community structure using two different molecular methods. We investigated the long-term effects of wildfire on soil fungal communities associated with Pinus pinaster forests in central Portugal, by comparing the results of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based profiling with those obtained with 454 pyrosequencing. Four forest stands with differing fire history and fire return interval, and vegetation cover (mature forest, early successional stage of pine regeneration, and forest converted to scrubland) were sampled 6 years after the last fire event. The pyrosequencing-based approach indicated ca. eight-fold higher numbers of taxa than DGGE. However, fungal community fingerprinting data obtained for the different study stands with DGGE were congruent with those obtained with pyrosequencing. Both short (7.6 years) and long (24 years) fire return intervals (indicated by the presence of ericaceous shrubs in the understorey) induced a decrease in the abundance ratio between basidiomycetes and ascomycetes and appeared to reduce the frequency of ectomycorrhizal fungal species and saprophytes. Wildfire significantly reduced the frequency of late stage successional taxa (e.g. Atheliaceae and Cantharellales) and known or putative saprophytes belonging to the Clavulinaceae and the Archaeorhizomycetaceae. Conversely, early successional fungal species belonging to the Thelephoraceae were favoured by both fire return intervals, while the abundance of Cortinarius and Hebeloma, which include several Cistus-specific species, increased with short wildfire return intervals. This last finding highlights the relationship between post-fire vegetation composition and cover (vegetation successional stage), and fungal symbionts. We hypothesise that these changes could, in the long term, exhaust the resilience of Mediterranean pine forest vegetation and associated soil fungal communities by preventing pine regeneration.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Associação de Produtores Florestais e Agrícolas of the council of Proença-a-Nova for providing access to their land. Research was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through a Ph.D. grant for E.B. (SFRH/BD/21730/2005). Figure 1 is courtesy of the Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (ian.umces.edu/symbols/). We also thank the editor, two anonymous reviewers and Laszlo Nagy for carefully reading the manuscript and for their valuable comments.

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  1. Centro de Ecologia Funcional (CEF), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal

    Erika Buscardo, Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría, Helena Freitas & Ludo A. H. Muller

  2. Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy

    Erika Buscardo & Paolo De Angelis

  3. Escritório Central do LBA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2936, Campus II, Aleixo, 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

    Erika Buscardo

  4. Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018, Lisbon, Portugal

    João Santos Pereira

  5. Institut für Biologie—Botanik, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstrasse 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Ludo A. H. Muller

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  1. Erika Buscardo
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Buscardo, E., Rodríguez-Echeverría, S., Freitas, H. et al. Contrasting soil fungal communities in Mediterranean pine forests subjected to different wildfire frequencies. Fungal Diversity 70, 85–99 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0294-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-014-0294-5

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