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Diversity and structure of ectomycorrhizal and co-associated fungal communities in a serpentine soil

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Abstract

The community of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and co-associated fungi from a serpentine site forested with Pinus sylvestris and Quercus petraea was explored, to improve the understanding of ECM diversity in naturally metalliferous soils. ECM fungi were identified by a combination of morphotyping and direct sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 2 and of a part of the large-subunit region. Co-associated fungi from selected ECM were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of representative clones from libraries. Polymerase chain reaction with species-specific primers was applied to assess patterns of association of ECM and co-associated fungi. Twenty ECM species were differentiated. Aphyllophoralean fungi representing several basidiomycete orders and Russulaceae were dominant. Phialocephala fortinii was the most frequently encountered taxon from the diverse assemblage of ECM co-associated fungi. A ribotype representing a deeply branching ascomycete lineage known from ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequences only was detected in some ECM samples. A broad taxonomic range of fungi have the potential to successfully colonise tree roots under the extreme edaphic conditions of serpentine soils. Distribution patterns of ECM-co-associated fungi hint at the importance of specific inter-fungal interactions, which are hypothesised to be a relevant factor for the maintenance of ECM diversity.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grant P15357 from the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) and grant LS149 from the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) to JS. The authors thank Anton Russell and two anonymous reviewers for critical reading of the manuscript and helpful suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fungal Genomics Unit, Austrian Research Centers, Tech Gate Vienna, Donau-City-Straße 1, 1220, Vienna, Austria

    Alexander Urban, Joseph Strauss & Markus Gorfer

  2. Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria

    Alexander Urban, Joseph Strauss & Markus Gorfer

  3. Department for Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Mycology Research Group, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria

    Alexander Urban

  4. Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, 1180, Vienna, Austria

    Markus Puschenreiter

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Table S1

Comparison of ITS sequences from P. fortinii CSP. P. fortinii ITS sequences from Redlschlag and from Zürichberg (Grünig et al. 2004) were aligned with the ClustalW algorithm. Only positions with differences are shown with discriminating nucleotides highlighted in bold. Numbering of positions is according to sequence AY347406 (CSP3, strain 144-4). Classification into CSP is according to Grünig et al. (2004). Missing characters indicate missing sequence information, and ‘–’ indicates a gap. The poly-T stretch with variable length at the end of the ITS2-region (starting at position 500 in AY347406) is not included in the comparison. #: number of sequences with 100% identity from the Zürichberg sequence set (Grünig et al. 2004) (DOC 143 KB)

Fig. S1

Phylogenetic tree for RSEM01_13 based on partial 18S rDNA sequences. A multiple alignment of a set of published partial 18S rDNA sequences from all recognised groups of fungi including a set of 18S rDNA sequences from AG1 was generated with the ClustalW algorithm in ARB. For construction of the phylogenetic tree, the Phylip package in ARB was used with a filter for positions covered by sequences from the unknown ascomycete lineage. Entomophaga conglomerata was used as the out-group for routing. Branches were collapsed for phyla, except for ascomycota, where branches were collapsed for sub-phyla (shaded triangles). The order Mucorales was separated from the remaining zygomycota. The phyla of chytridiomycota and zygomycota could not be separated based on partial 18S rDNA sequences. Separation of a group of hitherto uncultivated fungi—Ascomycota Group I (darkly shaded triangle)—including the enigmatic ascomycete RSEM01_13 was supported by different algorithms used for construction of the tree (neighbour joining, Bayesian analysis). Numbers inside or next to triangles indicate number of species included in the collapsed branch (PDF 9.23 KB)

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Urban, A., Puschenreiter, M., Strauss, J. et al. Diversity and structure of ectomycorrhizal and co-associated fungal communities in a serpentine soil. Mycorrhiza 18, 339–354 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-008-0189-y

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