Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize several aspects of species of the genus Dietzia, such as current taxonomic placement, morphological and growth characteristics, biochemical reactions, cellular lipid and fatty acid composition, the amino acids and sugars of whole-cell hydrolysates and the respiratory quinone system, and genomic guanine and cytosine (G + C) content. The species chosen for study were D. aerolata, D. alimentaria, D. aurantiaca, D. cerdiciphylli, D. cinnamea, D. kunjamensis, D. lutea, D. maris, D. natronolimnaea, D. papillomatosis, D. psychralcaliphila, D. schimae, and D. timorensis. The colony morphology study revealed that the colonies were small, smooth, circular and convex. Nitrate reduction, H2S production, hydrolysis of urea, starch, and Tween 80, and the Voges–Proskauer and methyl red tests were performed for biochemical differentiation of the various Dietzia strains. Optimum growth temperature and pH for the different strains were 25–30 °C and 7–8, respectively. Among the strains studied, D. timorensis ID05-A0528T had the lowest tolerance level to NaCl (7 %). This strain was also able to utilize a wide range of compounds as the sole carbon source. Short-chain mycolic acids were present in these bacteria. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose; the glycan moiety of the cell wall contained acetyl residues. The major menaquinone was MK-8 (H2). The G + C contents of the DNA ranged from 64.7 (D. alimentaria 72T) to 73 mol % (D. maris DSM 43672T). The most important phospholipids in these strains were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Awadhi H, Sulaiman RHD, Mahmoud HM, Radwan SS (2007) Alkaliphilic and halophilic hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria from Kuwaiti coasts of the Arabian Gulf. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77:183–186
Alonso-Gutiérrez J, Teramoto M, Yamazoe A, Harayama S, Figueras A, Novoa B (2011) Alkane-degrading properties of Dietzia sp. H0B, a key player in the Prestige oil spill biodegradation (NW Spain). J Appl Microbiol 111:800–810
Bemer-Melchior P, Haloun A, Riezel P, Drugeon H (1999) Bacteremia due to Dietzia maris in an immunocompromised patient. Clin Infect Dis 29:1338–1340
Bihari Z, Szvetnik A, Szabo Z, Blastyak A, Zombori Z, Balazs M, Kiss I (2011) Functional analysis of long-chain n-alkane degradation by Dietzia spp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 316:100–107
Bizet C, Barreau C, Harmant C, Nowakowski M, Pietfroid A (1997) Identification of Rhodococcus, Gordonia and Dietzia species using carbon source utilization tests (“Biotype-100” strips). Res Microbiol 148:799–809
Bødtker G, Hvidsten IV, Barth T, Torsvik T (2009) Hydrocarbon degradation by Dietzia sp. A14101 isolated from an oil reservoir model column. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 96:459–469
Brito EM, Guyoneaud R, Goni-Urriza M, Ranchou-Peyruse A, Verbaere A, Crapez MA, Wasserman JC, Duran R (2006) Characterization of hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities from mangrove sediments in Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Res Microbiol 157:752–762
Click RE, Van Kampen CL (2010) Assessment of Dietzia subsp. C79793-74 for treatment of cattle with evidence of paratuberculosis. Virulence 1–3:145–155
Duckworth AW, Grant S, Grant WD, Jones BE, Meijer D (1998) Dietzia natronolimnaios sp. nov., a new member of the genus Dietzia isolated from an east African soda lake. Extremophiles 2:359–366
Gharibzahedi SMT, Razavi SH, Mousavi SM (2012a) Developing an emulsion model system containing canthaxanthin biosynthesized by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. Int J Biol Macromol 51:618–626
Gharibzahedi SMT, Razavi SH, Mousavi SM, Moayedi V (2012b) High efficiency canthaxanthin production by a novel mutant isolated from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 using central composite design analysis. Ind Crop Prod 40:345–354
Gharibzahedi SMT, Razavi SH, Mousavi SM (2013) Psyllium husk gum: An attractive carbohydrate biopolymer for the production of stable canthaxanthin emulsions. Carbohydr Polym 92:2002–2011
Goodfellow M, Maldonado LA (2006) The families Dietzieaceae, Gordoniaceae, Nocardiaceae and Tsukamurellaceae. In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E (eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, New York, pp 343–388
Harrison FC (1929) The discoloration of halibut. Can J Res 1:214–239
Iwaki H, Nakai E, Nakamura S, Hasegawa Y (2008) Isolation and characterization of new cyclohexylacetic acid-degrading bacteria. Curr Microbiol 57:107–110
Jones AL, Koerner RJ, Natarajan S, Perry JD, Goodfellow M (2008) Dietzia papillomatosis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the skin of an immunocompetent patient with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:68–72
Kämpfer P, Langer S, Martin E, Jackel U, Busse HJ (2010) Dietzia aerolata sp. nov., isolated from the air of a duck barn, and emended description of the genus Dietzia Rainey et al. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:393–396
Kämpfer P, Falsen E, Frischmann A (2012) Dietzia aurantiaca sp. nov., isolated from a human clinical specimen. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 62:484–488
Khodaiyan F, Razavi SH, Emam-Djomeh Z, Mousavi SMA, Hejazi MA (2007) Effect of culture conditions on canthaxanthin production by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:195–201
Khodaiyan F, Razavi SH, Mousavi SM (2008) Optimization of canthaxanthin production by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 from cheese whey using statistical experimental methods. Biochem Eng J 40:415–422
Kim J, Roh SW, Choi JH, Jung MJ, Nam YD, Kim MS, Park EJ, Shin KS, Bae JW (2011) Dietzia alimentaria sp. nov., isolated from a traditional Korean food. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:2254–2258
Koerner RJ, Goodfellow M, Jones AL (2009) The genus Dietzia: a new home for some known and emerging opportunist pathogens. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 55:296–305
Kumar S, Upadhayay SK, Kumari B, Tiwari S, Singh SN, Singh PK (2011) In vitro degradation of fluoranthene by bacteria isolated from petroleum sludge. Bioresour Technol 102:3709–3715
Li J, Zhao GZ, Zhang YQ, Klenk HP, Pukall R, Qin Sh XLH, Li WJ (2008) Dietzia schimae sp. nov. and Dietzia cercidiphylli sp. nov., from surface-sterilized plant tissues. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:2549–2554
Li J, Chen C, Zhao GZ, Klenk HP, Pukall R, Zhang YQ, Tang SK, Li WJ (2009) Description of Dietzia lutea sp. nov., isolated from a desert soil in Egypt. Syst Appl Microbiol 32:118–123
Maeda M, Roberts MS, Ohta Y, Fuji F, Travisano M, Kudo T (1998) Isolation and characterization of a new aromatic compound-degrading alkalitrophic bacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol 44:101–106
Mayilraj S, Suresh K, Kroppenstedt RM, Saini HS (2006) Dietzia kunjamensis sp. nov., isolated from the Indian Himalayas. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:1667–1671
Nakano M, Kihara M, Iehata S, Tanaka R, Maeda H, Yoshikawa T (2011) Wax ester-like compounds as biosurfactants produced by Dietzia maris from n-alkane as a sole carbon source. J Basic Microbiol 51:490–498
Nasri Nasrabadi MR, Razavi SH (2010a) Enhancement of canthaxanthin production from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 in a fed-batch process using trace elements and statistical methods. Braz J Chem Eng 27:517–529
Nasri Nasrabadi MR, Razavi SH (2010b) High levels lycopene accumulation by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 using lycopene cyclase inhibitors in a fed-batch process. Food Sci Biotechnol 19:899–906
Nasri Nasrabadi MR, Razavi SH (2010c) Use of response surface methodology in a fed-batch process for optimization of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to achieve high levels of canthaxanthin from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. J Biosci Bioeng 109:361–368
Natarajan S, Milne D, Jones AL, Goodfellow M, Perry J, Koerner RJ (2005) Dietzia strain X: a newly described Actinomycete isolated from confluent and reticulated papillomatosis. Br J Dermatol 153:825–827
Nazina TN, Sokolova DS, Grigoryan AA, Xue YF, Belyaev SS, Ivanov MV (2003) Production of oil-releasing compounds by microorganisms from the Daqing oil field, China. Microbiology 72:173–178
Nesterenko OA, Nogina TM, Kasumova SA, Kvasnikov EI, Batrakov SG (1982) Rhodococcus luteus nom. nov. and Rhodococcus maris nom nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 32:1–14
Nishiuchi Y, Baba T, Hotta H, Yano I (1999) Mycolic acid analysis in Nocardia species: the mycolic acid compositions of Nocardia asteroides, N. farcinica, and N. nova. J Microbiol Methods 37:111–122
Nishiuchi Y, Tuneko B, Yano I (2000) Mycolic acids from Rhodococcus, Gordonia and Dietzia. J Microbiol Methods 40:1–9
Niwa H, Lasker BA, Hinrikson HP, Franzen CG, Steigerwalt AG, Whitney AM, Brown JM (2012) Characterization of human clinical isolates of Dietzia species previously misidentified as Rhodococcus equi. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31:811–820
Pidoux O, Argenson JN, Jacomo V, Drancourt M (2001) Molecular identification of a Dietzia maris hip prosthesis infection isolate. J Clin Microbiol 39:2634–2636
Rainey FA, Klatte S, Kroppenstedt RM, Stackebrandt E (1995) Dietzia, a new genus including Dietzia maris comb. nov., formerly Rhodococcus maris. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45:32–36
Rashidi H, Akhtar MT, van der Kooy F, Verpoorte R, Duetz WA (2009) Hydroxylation and further oxidation of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol by alkane-degrading bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7135–7141
Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4:406–425
Shen FT, Huang HR, Arun AB, Lu HL, Rekha PD, Young CC (2007) Detection of filamentous genus Gordonia in foam samples using genus-specific primers combined with PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. Can J Microbiol 53:768–774
Sueoka N (1961) Variation and heterogeneity of base composition of deoxyribonucleic acids: a compilation of old and new data. J Mol Biol 3:31–40
Takeishi H, Anzai H, Urai M (2006) Xylanolytic and alkaliphilic Dietzia sp. isolated from larvae of the Japanese horned beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus. Actinomycetologica 20:49–54
von der Weid I, Marques JM, Cunha CD, Lippi RK, Dos Santos SCC, Rosado AS, Lins U, Seldin L (2007) Identification and biodegradation potential of a novel strain of Dietzia cinnamea isolated from a petroleum-contaminated tropical soil. Syst Appl Microbiol 30:331–339
Yamamura H, Lisdiyanti P, Ridwan R, Ratnakomala S, Sarawati R, Lestari Y, Triana E, Kartina G, Widyastuti Y, Ando K (2010) Dietzia timorensis sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60:451–454
Yassin AF, Hupfer H, Schaal KP (2006) Dietzia cinnamea sp. nov., a novel species isolated from a perianal swab of a patient with a bone marrow transplant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56:641–645
Yumoto I, Nakamura A, Iwata H, Kojima K, Kusumoto K, Nodasaka Y, Matsuyama H (2002) Dietzia psychralcaliphila sp. nov., a novel, facultatively psychrophilic alkaliphile that grows on hydrocarbons. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:85–90
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a grant from the University of Tehran. The authors would like to thank the constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gharibzahedi, S.M.T., Razavi, S.H. & Mousavi, S.M. Characterization of bacteria of the genus Dietzia: an updated review. Ann Microbiol 64, 1–11 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-013-0603-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-013-0603-3