Abstract
The use of in vitro culture of date palm plants Phoenix dactylifera, associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is a novel approach for the production of bio-fortified plants that are free of pathogens. Here, we report, for the first time, the in vitro mycorrhization of in vitro date palm plants using the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis MUCL 41833. Date Plants were used in an in vitro cultured system that consisted of a root compartment (RC) containing germinated seeds of Barrel Clover, Medicago truncatula, and spores of Rhizophagus irregularis as a mycorrhizal donor, and a hyphal compartment (HC) with a barrier separating the RC from the HC. In vitro cultured date palm plants, at the two-leaf stage, were placed in the HC section of the culture plate that after 6 weeks contained an active growing extraradical mycelium network of the fungus. Roots of the date palm became colonized after 10 weeks and hyphae, vesicles, spores and arbuscules, were detected. No differences were noticed in above-ground parameters between mycorrhized and non-mycorrhized plants, in which there was no fungus in the HC. However, the total root length was significantly higher and secondary and tertiary roots were significantly more numerous, in the mycorrhized plants. It is hypothesized that these differences are related to stimulating molecules released by the profuse extraradical mycelium of the fungus growing in close contact with the palm root system. Root colonization percentages were of the same order as those reported in pots cultures of the date palm plants. This work opens the door for the large-scale in vitro mycorrhization of date palm plants, potentially better adapted to acclimatization phase and possibly to the field.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abohatem M, Zouine J, El Hadrami I (2011) Low concentrations of BAP and high rate of subcultures improve the establishment and multiplication of somatic embryos in date palm suspension cultures by limiting oxidative browning associated with high levels of total phenols and peroxidase activities. Sci Hortic 130:344–348
Al-Karaki GN (2013) Application of mycorrhizae in sustainable date palm cultivation. Emirates J Food Agric 25:854–862
Al-Khayri JM, Naik PM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (2018) Advances in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) breeding. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain SM, Johnson DV (eds) Advances in plant breeding strategies: fruits. Springer Nature, Switzerland, pp 727–771
Baslam M, Qaddoury A, Goicoechea N (2014) Role of native and exotic mycorrhizal symbiosis to develop morphological, physiological and biochemical responses coping with water drought of date palm, Phoenix dactylifera. Trees 28:161–172
Benhiba L, Fouad MO, Essahibi A, Ghoulam C, Qaddoury A (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhanced growth and antioxidant metabolism in date palm subjected to long-term drought. Trees 29:1725–1733
Berta G, Trotta A, Fusconi A, Hooker JE, Munro M, Atkinson D, Giovannetti M, Morini S, Fortuna P, Tisserant B, GianinazziPearson V, Gianinazzi S (1995) Arbuscular mycorrhizal induced changes to plant growth and root system morphology in Prunus cerasifera. Tree Physiol 15:281–293
Bouamri R, Dalpé Y, Serrhini MN, Bennani A (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species associated with rhizosphere of Phoenix dactylifera L. in Morocco. Afr J Biotechnol 5:510–516
Brundrett MC, Tedersoo L (2018) Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity. New Phytol 220:1108–1115
Declerck S, D'or D, Cranenbrouck S, Boulengé LE (2001) Modelling the sporulation dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in monoxenic culture. Mycorrhiza 11:225–230
Declerck S, Strullu DG, Plenchette C (1998) Monoxenic culture of the intraradical forms of Glomus sp. isolated from a tropical ecosystem: a proposed methodology for germplasm collection. Mycologia 90:579–585
El Bouhssini, M (2018) Date palm pests and diseases: integrated management guide
El Hadrami I, El Hadrami A (2009) Breeding date palm. In: Breeding plantation tree crops: tropical species. Springer, New York, pp 191–216
El Kinany S, Faggroud M, Ouahmane L, El Hilali R, Haggoud A, Bouamri R (2019) Effect of organic fertilizer and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of micropropagated date palm cv. Feggouss. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 18:411–417
Essarioui A, Sedra MH (2017) Lutte contre la maladie du bayoud par solarisation et fumigation du sol. Une expérimentation dans les palmeraies du Maroc. Cahiers Agric 26:45010
Faidi H, Bouhired L (2011) Morphological and histo-anatomical study of root system of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. In I Int Symp Date Palm 994:193–203
Giovannetti M, Mosse B (1980) An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol 84:489–500
Jacquemard JJ (1995) Le palmier à huile (the OilPalm). Maisonneuve et Larose Editor, Paris
Koffi MC, Declerck S (2015) In vitro mycorrhization of banana (Musa acuminata) plantlets improves their growth during acclimatization. In Vitr Cell Dev Biol Plant 51:265–273
Koske RE, Gemma JN (1989) A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA mycorrhizas. Mycol Res 92:486–488
Lalaymia I, Declerck S (2020) The mycorrhizal donor plant (MDP) in vitro culture system for the efficient colonization of whole plants. In: Ferrol N, Lanfranco L (eds) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Methods in molecular biology, vol 2146. Humana, New York
Lotfi M, Fernandez K, Vermeir P, Mars M, Werbrouck S (2019) In vitro mycorrhization of pear (Pyrus communis). Mycorrhiza 29:607–614
Maillet F, Poinsot V, André O, Puech-Pagès V, Haouy A, Gueunier M, Cromer L, Giraudet D, Formey D, Niebel A, Martinez EA, Driguez H, Bécard G, Dénarié J (2011) Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 469:58–63
Mazri MA (2015) Role of cytokinins and physical state of the culture medium to improve in vitro shoot multiplication, rooting and acclimatization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Boufeggous. J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 24:268–275
Mazri MA, Meziani R (2013) An improved method for micropropagation and regeneration of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). J Plant Biochem Biotechnol 22:176–184
Mazri MA, Meziani R, Elmaataoui S, Alfeddy MN, Jaiti F (2019) Assessment of genetic fidelity, biochemical and physiological characteristics of in vitro grown date palm cv. Al-Fayda Vegetos 32:333–344
Mimoun A (2014) Etude du développement et architecture racinaires des plantules de palmier dattier. Université d’Oran, faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie, Oran
Newman EI (1966) A method of estimating the total length of root in a sample. J Appl Ecol 3:139
Nowak J (1998) Benefits of in vitro “biotization” of plant tissue cultures with microbial inoculants. In Vitr Cell Dev Biol Plant 34:122–130
Orfanoudakis M, Wheeler CT, Hooker JE (2010) Both the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora rosea and Frankia increase root system branching and reduce root hair frequency in Alnus glutinosa. Mycorrhiza 20:117–126
Othmani A, Bayoudh C, Drira N, Marrakchi M, Trifi M (2009) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Boufeggous is significantly improved by fine chopping and partial desiccation of embryogenic callus. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 97:71–79
Sedra MH (2005) La maladie du Bayoud du palmier dattier en Afrique du Nord: Diagnostic et caractérisation
Sedra MH (2011) Development of new Moroccan selected date palm varieties resistant to bayoud and of good fruit quality. In: Jain SM, Al-Khayri JM, Johnson DV (eds) Date palm biotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 513–531
Sedra MH (2015) Date palm status and perspective in Morocco. In date palm genetic resources and utilization. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 257–323
Smith SE, Read DJ (2008) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3rd edn. Academic Press, San Diego
Sosa-Rodriguez T, de Boulois HD, Granet F, Gaurel S, Melgarejo LM, Carron MP, Declerck S (2013) In vitro mycorrhization of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis Müll Arg. In Vitr Cell Dev Biol Plant 49:207–215
Trouvelot A, Kough JL, Gianinazzi-Pearson V (1986) Mesure du taux de mycorhization VA d'un système radiculaire. Recherche de méthode d'estimation ayant Une signification fonctionnelle. In physiological and Genetical aspects of Mycorrhizae: proceedings of the 1st European symposium on Mycorrhizae, Dijon, pp 217–221
Voets L, de la Providencia IE, Fernandez K, IJdo M, Cranenbrouck S, Declerck S (2009) Extraradical mycelium network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi allows fast colonization of seedlings under in vitro conditions. Mycorrhiza 19:347–356
Voets L, Dupré de Boulois H, Renard L, Strullu DG, Declerck S (2005) Development of an autotrophic culture system for the in vitro mycorrhization of potato plantlets. FEMS Microbiol Lett 248:111–118
Zougari-Elwedi B, Sanaa M, Labidi S, Sahraoui ALH (2012) Évaluation de l'impact de la mycorhization arbusculaire sur la nutrition minérale des plantules de palmier dattier (Phœnix dactylifera L. var. Deglet Nour). Étude et Gestion des Sols 19:193–202
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the r4d project “Application of organic bio-fertilizer technology to improve the sustainability of date palm production and cultivation” with the grant number IZ07Z0_160904, funded by the r4d program, the Swiss Programme for Research on global Issues for Development, a partnership of the Swiss agency for Development and Cooperation and the Swiss National Science Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
El Hilali, R., Bouamri, R., Crozilhac, P. et al. In vitro colonization of date palm plants by Rhizophagus irregularis during the rooting stage. Symbiosis 84, 83–89 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-021-00768-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-021-00768-2