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Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: the Last Decade

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Abstract

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) affects six to nine people per 100,000 per year, has a 35% mortality, and leaves many with lasting disabilities, often related to cognitive dysfunction. Clinical decision rules and more sensitive computed tomography (CT) have made the diagnosis of SAH easier, but physicians must maintain a high index of suspicion. The management of these patients is based on a limited number of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Early repair of the ruptured aneurysm by endovascular coiling or neurosurgical clipping is essential, and coiling is superior to clipping in cases amenable to both treatments. Aneurysm repair prevents rebleeding, leaving the most important prognostic factors for outcome early brain injury from the hemorrhage, which is reflected in the neurologic condition of the patient, and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Observational studies suggest outcomes are better when patients are managed in specialized neurologic intensive care units with inter- or multidisciplinary clinical groups. Medical management aims to minimize early brain injury, cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure (ICP), and medical complications. Management then focuses on preventing, detecting, and treating DCI. Nimodipine is the only pharmacologic treatment that is approved for SAH in most countries, as no other intervention has demonstrated efficacy. In fact, much of SAH management is derived from studies in other patient populations. Therefore, further study of complications, including DCI and other medical complications, is needed to optimize outcomes for this fragile patient population.

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  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, 10029, USA

    Sean N. Neifert, Emily K. Chapman, Michael L. Martini, William H. Shuman, Alexander J. Schupper, Eric K. Oermann & J. Mocco

  2. University Neurosciences Institutes, University of California San Francisco, Fresno Campus, Fresno, CA, 93701-2302, USA

    R. Loch Macdonald

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RLM is a consultant for Grace Biotechnology and Idorsia Pharmaceuticals. EKO owns equity in MedAugur and Whiteboard Coordinator, receives consulting fees from Google, and is employed at Merck. JM reports receiving research support from Stryker, Penumbra, Medtronic, and Microvention and is a consultant for Imperative Care, Cerebrotech, Viseon, Endostream, Rebound Therapeutics, and Vastrax.

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Neifert, S.N., Chapman, E.K., Martini, M.L. et al. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: the Last Decade. Transl. Stroke Res. 12, 428–446 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-020-00867-0

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