Abstract
Disparate methods of intrinsic groundwater vulnerability and remote sensing were applied in Anthemountas river basin (North Greece), covering an area of 374 km2. Three types of aquifers are present within the basin: porous, karstic, and aquifers of fissured rocks. Vulnerability and risk pollution maps were produced using the DRASTIC, EPIK, AVI, and DRASTIC-FM methods in a Geographic information system (GIS) context, and the results were compared and evaluated. The methods used different numbers of parameters with different weightings and produced relatively different results. The original DRASTIC method underestimates the vulnerability degrees in fissured rock aquifers, while in porous aquifers the discretization is poor, in contrast with the AVI method which gives more satisfactory results. The vulnerability of the fissured rock aquifer as estimated by the DRASTIC-FM method shows significant differences compared to the original DRASTIC method. Groundwater pollution risk is strongly dependant on vulnerability, and consequently the use of specialized vulnerability methods provides representative and more accurate results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aller L, Bennett T, Lehr JH, Petty RJ, Hackett G (1987) DRASTIC: A standardized system for evaluating ground water pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. US Environmental Protection Agency, Report 600/2-85/018, Washington
Antonakos AK, Lambrakis NJ (2007) Development and testing of three hybrid methods for the assessment of aquifer vulnerability to nitrates, based on the drastic model, an example from NE Korinthia, Greece. J Hydrol 333:288–304
Babiker IS, Mohamed AA, Hiyama T, Kato K (2005) A GIS-based DRASTIC model for assessing aquifer vulnerability in Kakamigahara Heights, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan. Sci Total Environ 345:127–140
Bossard M, Feranec J, Otahel J (2000) The revised and supplemented Corine Land Cover nomenclature. European Environmental Agency, Technical Report No. 38
Christofides G, Thimiatis G, Koroneos A, Sklavounos S, Eleftheriadis G (1994) Mineralogy and chemistry of Cr-chlorites associated with chromites from Vavdos and Vasilika ophiolite complexes (Chalkidiki, Macedonia, N. Greece). Chem Erde 54:151–166
Civita M (1994) Le carte della vulnerabilità degli acquiferi all’ inquinamento. Teoria and practica (Aquifer pollution vulnerability maps). Pitarora Ed., Bologna (in Italian)
Das D (1990) Satellite remote sensing in subsurface water targeting. Proceedings of ACSM-ASPRS annual convention, pp 99–103
Denny SC, Allen DM, Journeay JM (2007) DRASTIC-Fm: a modified vulnerability mapping method for structurally controlled aquifers in the southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Hydrogeol J 15:483–493
Doerfliger N, Zwahlen F (1997) EPIK: a new method for outlining of protection areas in karstic environment, In: International symposium and field seminar on “karst waters and environmental impacts. Gunay G and Jonshon AI, Antalya, Turkey, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 117–123
Doerfliger N, Jeannin PY, Zwahlen F (1999) Water vulnerability assessment in karst environments: a new method of defining protection areas using a multi-attribute approach and GIS tools (EPIK method). Environ Geol 39(2):165–176
Evans BM, Myers WL (1990) A CIS-based approach to evaluating regional groundwater pollution potential with DRASTIC. J Soil Water Conserv 45:242–245
Gogu RC, Hallet V, Dassargues A (2003) Comparison of aquifer vulnerability assessment techniques. Application to the Ne’blon river basin (Belgium). Environ Geol 44:881–892. doi:10.1007/s00254-003-0842-x
Gupta R (2003) Remote Sensing Geology, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, p 655
Kazakis, N. (2013). Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment in Anthemountas River basin. PhD Thesis, Department of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (in Greek)
Kazakis N (2014) Estimation of groundwater balance and safe yield of porous aquifer in the Anthemountas basin and Peraia’s coastal area. Proceedings of 10th International Hydrogeological Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece. vol 1, pp 305–314
Kazakis N, Voudouris K (2011) Comparison of three applied methods of groundwater vulnerability mapping: A case study from the Florina basin, Northern Greece. Proceedings of 9th International Hydrogeological Congress, Kalavrita, Greece. Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment, Springer, vol 2, pp 359–367
Kazakis N, Voudouris KS (2015) Groundwater vulnerability and pollution risk assessment of porous aquifers to nitrate: modifying the DRASTIC method using quantitative parameters. J Hydrol 525:13–25
Kazakis N, Voudouris K, Vargemezis G, Pavlou A (2013) Hydrogeological regime and groundwater occurrence in the Anthemountas River basin, northern Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, vol XLVII
Kazakis N, Kantiranis N, Vogiatzis D, Pavlou T, Zavridou E (2014) Estimation of saturated Hydraulic conductivity with field and empirical methods and the role of sediment maturity. Proceedings of 10th International Hydrogeological Congress, Thessaloniki. vol 1, pp 315–323
Kazakis N, Kantiranis N, Voudouris KS, Mitrakas M, Kaprara E, Pavlou A (2015) Geogenic Cr oxidation on the surface of mafic minerals and the hydrogeological conditions influencing hexavalent chromium concentrations in groundwater. Sci Total Environ 514:224–238
Napolitano P, Fabbri AG, (1996) Single-parameter sensitivity analysis for aquifer vulnerability assessment using DRASTIC and SINTACS. HydroGIS 96: Application of Geographic Information Systems in Hydrology and Water Resources Management (Proceedings of the Vienna Conference, April 1996). IAHS Publ. No. 235, 559–566
Oikonomidis D, Dimogianni S, Kazakis N (2014) Contribution of Geographic information systems and remote sensing in hydrogeology of the Larissa—Tirnavos Area. 10th International Hydrogeological Congress, Thessaloniki. vol 1, pp 567–576
Panagopoulos G, Antonakos Α, Lambrakis Ν (2005) Optimization of the DRASTIC method for groundwater vulnerability assessment via the use of simple statistical methods and GIS. Hydrogeol J 14:894–911
Patrikaki O, Kazakis N, Voudouris K (2012) Vulnerability map: a useful tool for groundwater protection: An example from Mouriki basin, North Greece. Fresenius Environ Bull 21(8c):2516–2521
Theilen-Willige B, Malek HA, Charif A, El Bchari F, Chaïbi M (2014) Remote sensing and GIS contribution to the investigation of karst landscapes in NW-Morocco. Geosciences 4(2):50–72
Tranos MD, Meladiotis ID, Tsolakopoulos EP (2004) Geometrical characteristics, scaling properties and seismic behavior of the faulting of the Chortiatis region and Anthemountas basin (Northern Greece). Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Thessaloniki, vol 2, pp 888–889
Uricchio VF, Giordano R, Lopez N (2004) A fuzzy knowledge-based decision support system for groundwater pollution risk evaluation. J Environ Manage 73:189–197
Van Stempoort D, Ewert L, Wassenaar L (1993) Aquifer vulnerability index (AVI): a GIS compatible method for groundwater vulnerability mapping. Can Water Res J 18:25–37
Voudouris K (2009) Assessing groundwater pollution risk in Sarigkiol basin, NW Greece. In: Gallo M, Herrari M (eds) River Pollution Research Progress, Nova Science Publishers Inc., Chapter 7, pp 265–281
Voudouris K, Kazakis N, Polemio N, Kareklas K (2010) Assessment of intrinsic vulnerability using the DRASTIC model and GIS in the Kiti aquifer, Cyprus. Eur Water 30:13–24
Werz H, Hötzl H (2007) Groundwater risk intensity mapping in semi arid regions using optical remote sensing data as an additional tool. Hydrogeol J 15:1031–1049
Acknowledgments
Part of the research was carried out within the framework of Ph.D. dissertation of Nerantzis Kazakis and was funded by the State Scholarships Foundation (I.K.Y.).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kazakis, N., Oikonomidis, D. & Voudouris, K.S. Groundwater vulnerability and pollution risk assessment with disparate models in karstic, porous, and fissured rock aquifers using remote sensing techniques and GIS in Anthemountas basin, Greece. Environ Earth Sci 74, 6199–6209 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4641-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4641-y