Abstract
Beauveria bassiana HQ917687 virulence to housefly larvae and adult was assessed at different relative humidity, RH (50, 75, 90, and 100 %) and temperature (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 °C) conditions at the fungal dose of 108 conidia/ml. Depending on the temperature and RH regime tested, difference in mortality rates of housefly adult and larvae were detected. During assay on adult housefly, 100 % mortality was achieved at RH, 90 and 100 % while the temperature of 30 °C showed maximum mortality at all the tested humidity conditions. Lethal time, LT50 was 2.9 days at 100 % RH. Larval mortality at different humidity conditions varied between 30 and 74 %, with maximum mortality at 100 % RH and 30 °C. Optimum temperature for B. bassiana virulence to housefly larvae was also found to be 30 °C. The interaction between temperature and RH revealed significant effect of RH at moderate temperature range (20–35 °C), while such an interaction was not observed at extreme temperatures. The results obtained in this study have useful implications in understanding the pathogen behavior under actual field conditions. This in turn may help devising suitable entomopathogen release schedules for maximum fungal infection.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott WS (1925) A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18:265–267
Adamo SA (1998) The specificity of behavioral fever in the cricket Acheta domesticus. J Parasitol 84:529–533
Anderson RD, Bell AS, Blanfor S, Paaijmans KP, Thomas MB (2011) Comparative growth kinetics and virulence of four different isolates of entomopathogenic fungi in the housefly (Musca domestica L.). J Invertebr Pathol 107:179–184
Barson G, Renn N, Bywater AF (1994) Laboratory evaluation of six species of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of house fly (Musca domestica L.), a pest of intensive animal units. J Invertebr Pathol 64:107–113
Blanford S, Read AF, Thomas MB (2009) Thermal behaviour of Anopheles stephensi in response to infection with malaria and fungal entomopathogens. Malar J 8:1–9
Bugeme DM, Maniania NK, Knapp M, Boga HI (2008) Effect of temperature on virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates to Tetranychus evansi. Exp Appl Acarol 46:275–285
Carswell I, Spooner-Hart R, Milner RJ (1998) Laboratory susceptibility of Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to an isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin. Aust J Entomol 37:281–284
Devi KU, Sridevi V, Mohan CM, Padmavathi J (2005) Effect of high temperature and water stress on in vitro germination and growth in isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin. J Invertebr Pathol 88:181–189
Fargues J, Luz C (2000) Effects of fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes on the infection potential of Beauveria bassiana for Rhodnius prolixus. J Invertebr Pathol 75:202–211
Fargues J, Goettel MS, Smits N, Ouedraogo A, Rougier M (1997) Effect of temperature on vegetative growth of Beauveria bassiana isolates from different origins. Mycologia 89:383–392
Forester M, Klimpel S, Sievert K (2009) The house fly (Musca domestica) as a potential vector of metazoan parasites caught in a pig-pen in Germany. Vet Parasitol 160:163–167
Goettel MS, St Leger RJ, Rizzo NW, Staples RC, Roberts DW (1989) Ultrastructural localization of a cuticle-degrading protease produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae during penetration of host (Manduca sexta) cuticle. J Gen Microbiol 135:2233–2239
Inglis DG, Johnson DL, Goettel MS (1996) Effects of temperature and thermoregulation on mycosis by Beauveria bassiana in grasshoppers. Biol Control 7:131–139
Kiewnick S (2006) Effect of temperature on growth, germination, germ-tube extension and survival of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251. Biocontrol Sci Technol 16:535–546
Luz C, Fargues J (1997) Temperature and moisture requirements for conidial germination of an isolate of Beauveria bassiana, pathogenic to Rhodnius prolixus. Mycopathologia 138:117–125
McCoy CW, Samson RA, Boucias DG (1988) Entomogenous fungi. In: Ignoffo CM (ed) CRC handbook of natural pesticides. Microbial insecticides, part A: entomogenous protozoa and fungi, vol 5. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 151–236
Mishra S (2013) Development of fungal formulations for house fly control. Ph D thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Mishra S, Malik A (2012) Nutritional optimization of a native Beauveria bassiana isolate (HQ917687) pathogenic to housefly, Musca domestica L. J Parasitic Dis. doi:10.1007/s12639-012-0165-5
Mishra S, Kumar P, Malik A, Satya S (2011) Adulticidal and larvicidal activity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), in laboratory and simulated field bioassays. Parasitol Res 108:1483–1492
Mullens BA (1990) Entomophthora muscae (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) as pathogen of filth flies. In: Rutz DA, Patterson RS (eds) Biocontrol of livestock pests. Westview, Boulder
Ouedraogo MR, Cusson M, Goettel MS, Brodeur J (2003) Inhibition of fungal growth in thermoregulating locusts, Locusta migratoria, infected by the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum. J Invertebr Pathol 82:103–109
Ouedraogo RM, Goettel MS, Brodeur J (2004) Behavioral thermoregulation in the migratory locust: a therapy to overcome fungal infection. Oecologia 138:312–319
Padmini PCP, Padmaja V (2010) Impact of different relative humidities on in vitro growth and sporulation of entomopathogenic fungal isolates of Beauveria species. Int J Pharm Biol Sci Arch 1:355–359
Sivasankaran P, Easwaramoorthy S, David H (1998) Influence of temperature and relative humidity on growth, sporulation and pathogenecity of Beauveria bassiana. J Biol Control 12:71–76
Six DL, Mullens BA (1996) Seasonal prevalence of Entomophthora muscae and introduction of Entomophthora schizophorae (Zygomycotina: Entomophthorales) in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) populations on California dairies. Biol Control 6:315–323
SPSS (2008) Statistical product and service solution, system user’s guide, version 17.0.0.0. Polar Engineering and Consulting, United State. http://www.winwrap.com/. Accessed Aug 2011
StatPlus (2007) Professional build 4.9.0.0. AnalystSoft
Tucker DL, Beresford CH, Sigler L, Rogers K (2004) Disseminated Beauveria bassiana infection in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Microbiol 42(11):5412–5414
USDA Report (1976) Control of insects affecting livestock. USDA Agricultural Research Service National Research Programs 2048
Vidal C, Fargues J, Lacey LA (1997) Intraspecific variability of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus: effect of temperature on vegetative growth. J Invertebr Pathol 70:18–28
Watson DW, Mullens BA, Petersen JJ (1993) Behavioral fever response of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to infection by Entomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). J Invertebr Pathol 61:10–16
Watson DW, Geden CJ, Long SJ, Rutz DA (1995) Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana for the controlling of the house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Muscadiae). Biol Control 5:405–411
Zimmermann G (1986) The Galleria bait method for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil. J Appl Entomol 102:213–215
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by Indian Council of Medical Research, India. CSIR fellowship to one of the authors (SM) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors acknowledge Mr. Sudheer and Mr. Satendar Singh (both IIT Delhi, India) for their help in statistical analysis and support in experimental work, respectively.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mishra, S., Kumar, P. & Malik, A. Effect of temperature and humidity on pathogenicity of native Beauveria bassiana isolate against Musca domestica L.. J Parasit Dis 39, 697–704 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-013-0408-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-013-0408-0