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The physical phenotype of frailty for risk stratification of older medical inpatients

  • Published:
The journal of nutrition, health & aging

Abstract

Objectives

To determine the usefulness of physical phenotype of frailty, cognitive impairment, and serum albumin for risk stratification of elderly medical impatients.

Design

Prospective, observational cohort study.

Setting

A general internal medicine unit of a university hospital in Italy.

Participants

Inpatients with an average age of 80.8 ± 7.5 yr (N=470).

Measurements

Frailty was defined using the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Index, a parsimonious version of the physical phenotype (two of the following markers: weight loss, inability to rise five times from a chair, and exhaustion). Two frailty markers from non-physical dimensions were also evaluated: cognitive impairment (Mini-Cog score < 3) and low serum albumin on ward admission (< 3,5 gr/dl). Logistic regression adjusted for preadmission and admission-related confounders was used to investigate whether the physical phenotype of frailty and the two non-physical markers were associated with ward length of stay and unfavorable discharge (death plus any other ward discharge disposition different from direct return home). Areas Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve (AUCs) and Likelihood Ratios (LRs) were used for evaluation of discriminatory ability and clinical usefulness of significant predictors.

Results

The physical phenotype of frailty was associated with both study outcomes (p<0.010) but the association was mainly mediated by chair standing ability. Non-physical markers were associated only with unfavourable discharge (p<0.001). All of these predictors, either alone or in combination, had poor discriminatory ability (AUCs < 0.70) and poor clinical usefulness (+LRs near 1) for the study outcomes.

Conclusions

The physical phenotype of frailty appears of limited clinical use for risk stratification of older medical inpatients. Combination with markers from nonphysical dimensions does not improve its prognostic abilities.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Paola Forti, E. Zagni, T. Lucassenn, L. Montanari, B. Maltoni, G. Luca Pirazzoli, G. Bianchi & M. Zoli

  2. Geriatric Stroke Unit, Medical Department, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy

    F. Maioli

  3. Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, I-40138, Bologna, Italy

    Paola Forti

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  1. Paola Forti
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  2. F. Maioli
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  3. E. Zagni
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  4. T. Lucassenn
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  5. L. Montanari
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  7. G. Luca Pirazzoli
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Correspondence to Paola Forti.

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Forti, P., Maioli, F., Zagni, E. et al. The physical phenotype of frailty for risk stratification of older medical inpatients. J Nutr Health Aging 18, 912–918 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0493-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0493-5

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