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Strategies and challenges for enhancing performance of MXene-based gas sensors: a review

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Abstract

With the advantages of metal conductivity, large specific surface area, and rich surface functional groups, two-dimensional (2D) MXenes have shown great potential in the field of gas sensing. However, gas sensors fabricated with pristine MXenes generally suffer from several problems such as low sensitivity, poor selectivity, significant base-resistance drift, and poor environment stability. Therefore, many efforts have been devoted to overcoming these problems. In this review, we review the progress on MXene-based gas sensors and summarize several efficient strategies (including structural design, surface modification, inorganic Schottky junction/heterojunction sensitization, polymer addition, and metal-ion intercalation) to promote the gas-sensing performance. In addition, the major challenges and future development directions of MXene-based gas sensors are also outlined in the present review.

Graphical abstract

摘要

作为一种新型二维材料，MXene具有金属导电性，高比表面积，丰富表官能团，已经在气体传感领域显示出了巨大的潜力。然而，用原始MXene制造的气体传感器通常存在灵敏度低、选择性差、基线电阻漂移严重以及环境稳定性差等问题。为了克服这些问题，研究人员已经做了大量努力。本文回顾了基于MXene的气体传感器的研究进展，并总结了几种有效的策略（包括结构设计、表面改性、无机肖特基结/异质结敏化、聚合物添加和金属离子插层）来提高其气敏性能。此外，本文还指明了MXene基气体传感器所面临的主要挑战和未来的发展方向。

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Fig. 1

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. b Elements of MAX phases; c timeline of development of performance of MXene-based gas sensors at room temperature

Fig. 2

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. c Response of V2CTx sensor to different tested gases. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society

Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. e Schematic diagram of preparation of 3D Ti3C2Tx; f SEM image of 3D polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyetherimide (PEI) framework; g SEM image of 3D Ti3C2Tx/PVA/PEI framework. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. d Energy band diagrams of MXene/Pd before and after H2 exposure (W, work function; E0, vacuum energy level; EF, Fermi level). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [63]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [72]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH. b HRTEM images of Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 nanocomposites. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [37]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. c Stability of sensor responses of pristine MXene measured at room temperature (20 °C); d responses of MXene sensor element that was measured at different temperatures; e normalized sensor responses at different temperatures for the same MXene sensor element; f comparison of sensor responses at different temperatures for same MXene sensor element (G, conductance of device in presence of analyte molecules; Gair, conductance of device in dry air; ∆G = G − Gair). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. g Influence of UV illumination on NH3-sensing properties of Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 sensor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [38]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. b Schematic diagram of gas-sensing mechanisms of CuO/Ti3C2Tx. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. c–e SEM images of pure Fe2(MoO4)3, pure Ti3C2Tx, and Fe2(MoO4)3/Ti3C2Tx and f–h corresponding surface structures. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2020, Wiley–VCH. b Influence of bending angle and bending time on response curves of PANI/Ti3C2Tx sensor; c X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) N 1s spectrum of PANI and PANI/Ti3C2Tx; d schematic illustration of gas-sensing mechanism of PANI/Ti3C2Tx sensor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [95]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. e Humidity effects on gas-sensing behaviors of PANI and PANI/Nb2CTx sensors for 10 × 10–6 NH3; f influence of humidity level on response curves of PANI and PANI/Nb2CTx sensors. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Fig. 8

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [111]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. b Real resistance changes of sensors based on alkalized V2CTx and V2CTx on exposure to 20 × 10–6 NO2. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Fig. 9

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [119]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. c Variation of electrical conductivity of pure Ti3C2Tx and hybrid Ti3C2Tx/WSe2 sensors under 80% RH over 10 days; d gas-sensing properties of Ti3C2Tx and Ti3C2Tx/WSe2 sensors upon exposure to various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at 40 × 10–6. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. e, f TEM images of SnS2 nanosheets; g TEM image of SnS2/MXene derived TiO2 (SMT) hybrid; h HRTEM image of SMT hybrid. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [125]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 10

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [126]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. b Atomic-scale device simulation, demonstrating that current of Ti3C2O2 and Ti-deficient Ti3C2O2 drops after NH3 adsorption (upper right), and Ti-deficient Ti3C2O2 has a greater current change than Ti3C2O2 (low right) (DI, change of current). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [128]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. c Adsorption energies of NO molecule on MXene Sc2CO2 under biaxial strain of 0%–5%. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 11

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 11904209 and 61904098), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2019QF018) and the Higher Education Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (No. J18KA242).

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  1. School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China

    Hai-Feng Zhang, Jing-Yue Xuan, Qi Zhang, Mei-Ling Sun, Fu-Chao Jia, Xiao-Mei Wang & Guang-Chao Yin

  2. Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China

    Si-Yu Lu

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Zhang, HF., Xuan, JY., Zhang, Q. et al. Strategies and challenges for enhancing performance of MXene-based gas sensors: a review. Rare Met. 41, 3976–3999 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-022-02087-x

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