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Effect of Composition, Mechanical Alloying Temperature and Cooling Rate on Martensitic Transformation and Its Reversion in Mechanically Alloyed Stainless Steels

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Abstract

Stainless steels with Fe/Cr/Ni ratios of 74/18/8, 71/17/12, and 55/20/25 were produced from elemental powders by high energy mechanical alloying at both room and cryogenic temperatures. The effect of mechanical alloying temperature on martensitic transformation, the reversion of deformation-induced martensite-to-austenite upon annealing, and the influence of cooling rate on the thermal stability of reversed austenite upon cooling to room temperature were investigated in detail by in-situ and ex-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermo-Calc simulations. A relative comparison of stainless steels after room temperature mechanical alloying indicated that the low nickel-containing steel underwent an almost complete martensitic transformation. However, martensitic transformation by deformation through mechanical alloying at room temperature would not be possible with increasing nickel contents but was created partially at cryogenic temperature, the degree of which depended on the steel composition. The in-situ XRD studies exhibited that the deformation-induced martensite completely transformed to austenite at elevated temperatures. The complete reverse transformation temperature simulated by Thermo-Calc software was found to be lower than that of the experimentally determined ones. Additionally, the different cooling rates from the reversed austenite demonstrated that the slower cooling increased the thermal stability of reversed austenite at room temperature.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under Grant Number 119M120. The authors wish to thank the National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM—Bilkent University) for FIB and TEM investigations and ONATUS Öngörü Teknolojileri Company for the support with the Thermo-Calc simulations.

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  1. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42090, Turkey

    Gökhan Polat & Hasan Kotan

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  1. Gökhan Polat
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  2. Hasan Kotan
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Correspondence to Hasan Kotan.

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Polat, G., Kotan, H. Effect of Composition, Mechanical Alloying Temperature and Cooling Rate on Martensitic Transformation and Its Reversion in Mechanically Alloyed Stainless Steels. Met. Mater. Int. 27, 3765–3775 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-020-00866-8

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