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A Comprehensive Review on 1st-Generation Biodiesel Feedstock Palm Oil: Production, Engine Performance, and Exhaust Emissions

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Abstract

The rapid depletion of conventional fuel reserves and the increase in environmental pollution prompted the search for a sustainable energy solution. Biodiesel is one of the most promising energy substitutes with similar properties as conventional diesel fuel. Surplus availability of palm oil makes it suitable for biodiesel production. Due to the lack of availability of review articles that cover the entire process of palm biodiesel production and its optimum use in diesel engines, the authors were motivated to write this article. Cultivation parameters of palm trees, extraction of oil, and physicochemical properties of palm oil–based biodiesel are explained in this review. The production of palm biodiesel from raw oil can be done through pyrolysis, micro-emulsification, blending, hydro-esterification, and transesterification processes. For high biodiesel yield and less cost of operation, the transesterification method is adopted. The performance and emission parameters of diesel engines that operated on palm biodiesel and its blends are also explained. There is a decrease in brake thermal efficiency and an increase in brake-specific fuel consumption observed with the use of palm biodiesel in diesel engines. A reduction in CO and HC emissions and an increase in NOx emissions are found due to the oxygenating nature of palm biodiesel. This article provides the scientific approach to find out the optimum parameters for palm biodiesel production and its efficient use in compression ignition engines.

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Abbreviations

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

CI:

Compression ignition

CN:

Cetane number

SVO:

Straight vegetable oil

CPO:

Crude palm oil

BX:

Biodiesel blend level

BP:

Brake power

EASAC:

European Academies’ Science Advisory Council

FFA:

Free fatty acid

BSFC:

Brake-specific fuel consumption

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl ester

RPM:

Rotation per minute

PM:

Particulate matter

SIT:

Self-ignition temperature

MW:

Molecular weight

AN:

Acid number

CP:

Cloud point

SV:

Saponification value

PP:

Pour point

OSI:

Oxidation stability index

FP:

Flash point

MTBE:

Methyl tert-butyl ether

IV:

Iodine value

DI:

Direct injection

HHV:

Higher heating value

IDI:

Indirect injection

WC:

Water cooled

AC:

Air cooled

S:

Stroke

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the researchers who performed the experiment and evaluated various parameters associated with palm oil, palm biodiesel, and its blends. The information provided by the various researchers is the base of this review article. We also thank the editor and anonymous reviewers who helped to improve the quality of the article with their constructive comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

    Digambar Singh, Dilip Sharma, S. L. Soni, Sumit Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar Sharma & Amit Jhalani

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

    Chandrapal Singh Inda

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  1. Digambar Singh
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Contributions

Digambar Singh: writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, conceptualization, formal analysis

Dilip Sharma: supervision

S. L. Soni: supervision

Chandrapal Singh Inda: validation, data curation, resources

Sumit Sharma: resources

Pushpendra Kumar Sharma: formal analysis

Amit Jhalani: visualization

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Correspondence to Digambar Singh.

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Singh, D., Sharma, D., Soni, S.L. et al. A Comprehensive Review on 1st-Generation Biodiesel Feedstock Palm Oil: Production, Engine Performance, and Exhaust Emissions. Bioenerg. Res. 14, 1–22 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10171-2

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