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Eicosanoids Signals in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Foe or Friend

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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 mediated infection instigated a scary pandemic state since 2019. They created havoc comprising death, imbalanced social structures, and a wrecked global economy. During infection, the inflammation and associated cytokine storm generate a critical pathological situation in the human body, especially in the lungs. By the passage of time of infection, inflammatory disorders, and multiple organ damage happen which might lead to death, if not treated properly. Until now, many pathological parameters have been used to understand the progress of the severity of COVID-19 but with limited success. Bioactive lipid mediators have the potential of initiating and resolving inflammation in any disease. The connection between lipid storm and inflammatory states of SARS-CoV-2 infection has surfaced and got importance to understand and mitigate the pathological states of COVID-19. As the role of eicosanoids in COVID-19 infection is not well defined, available information regarding this issue has been accumulated to address the possible network of eicosanoids related to the initiation of inflammation, promotion of cytokine storm, and resolution of inflammation, and highlight possible strategies for treatment and drug discovery related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in this study. Understanding the involvement of eicosanoids in exploration of cellular events provoked by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been summarized as an important factor to deescalate any upcoming catastrophe imposed by the lethal variants of this micro-monster. Additionally, this study also recognized the eicosanoid based drug discovery, treatment, and strategies for managing the severity of SARS-COV-2 infection.

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Abbreviations

15d-PGJ2 :

15-Deoxy-delta-12,14-prostaglandin J2

AA:

Arachidonic acid

ACE 2:

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

AKI:

Acute kidney injury

ALI:

Acute lung injury

ARDS:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

ATF6:

Activating transcription factor 6

BAL:

Bronchoalveolar lavages

BLT1:

B leukotriene subtype 1 receptor

BLT2:

B leukotriene subtype 2 receptor

CCL2:

Chemokine ligand 2 (also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1)

CHOP:

CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein

COX-2:

Cyclooxygenase-2

cPGES:

Cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase

cPLA2 :

Cytosolic Phospholipase A2

CXCL10:

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (also known as Interferon gamma-​induced protein 10 (IP-10))

CYP:

Cytochrome P450

CYP4F3:

Cytochrome P450 4F3

CysLTs:

Cysteinyl leukotrienes

DGLA:

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

DHET:

Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid

DP1:

Prostaglandin D2 receptor 1

DP2:

Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2

DPA:

Docosapentaenoic acid

EET:

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid

eLOX3:

Epidermis-type lipoxygenase 3

EP3:

Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype

EP4:

Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

EX:

Eoxin

FLAP:

5-Lipoxygenase-activating protein

GCSF:

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

GGT:

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

12HDH/15oPGR:

12-Hydroxydehydrogenase/15-oxo-prostaglandin-13-reductase

HDHA:

Hydroxy docosahexaenoic acid

HDPA:

Hydroxydocosapentaenoic acid

HEPE:

Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid

HETE:

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid

HETE:

Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid

HETrE:

Hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid

HODE:

Hydroxyloctadecadienoic acids

HOTrE:

Hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid

HpDHA:

Hydro(peroxy)-docosahexaenoic acid

HpEPE:

Hydroperoxy-eicosapentaenoic acid

HPETE:

Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid

HPMVEC:

Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell

HX:

Hepoxilin

HXS:

Hepoxilin synthase

IFNγ:

Interferon gamma

IL:

Interleukin

IL1B:

Interleukin 1 beta

IP-10:

Interferon gamma-​induced protein 10 (also known as CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10)

IRE1:

Inositol-requiring enzyme 1

LA:

Linoleic acid

LOX:

Lipoxygenase

LTA4 :

Leukotriene A4

LTA4H:

LTA4 hydrolase

LTB4 :

Leukotriene B4

LTC4 :

Leukotriene C4

LTD4 :

Leukotriene D4

LTE4 :

Leukotriene E4

LXA4 :

Lipoxin A4

LXB4 :

Lipoxin B4

MBD:

Membrane bound dipeptidase

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (also known as CCL2, chemokine ligand 2)

MDSC:

Myeloid monocyte-derived suppressor cells

MERS-CoV:

Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus

MIP1a:

Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha

mPGES:

Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NSAID:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

p38 MAPK:

P38 mitogen-activated kinase

PD1:

Protectin D1

PDX:

Protectin DX

PERK:

Protein kinase R-like ER kinase

PG:

Prostaglandins

PGD2 :

Prostaglandin D2

PGDKR:

PGD2-11-keto reductase

PGDS:

Prostaglandin D synthase

PGE2 :

Prostaglandin E2

PGES:

Prostaglandin E synthase

PGF2α :

Prostaglandin F2α

PGFS:

Prostaglandin F2α synthase

PGH2 :

Prostaglandin H2

PGI2 :

Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin)

PGIS:

Prostaglandin I2 synthase

PGJ2 :

Prostaglandin J2

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PKA:

CAMP-dependent protein kinase

PLA2 :

Phospholipase A2

PPARγ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Rv:

Resolvin

S protein:

Spike protein

SARS-CoV:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus

sEH:

Soluble epoxide hydrolase

SPM:

Specialized proresolving mediators

TMPRSS2:

Transmembrane serine protease 2

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

TP:

Thromboxane A2 receptor

TXA2 :

Thromboxane A2

TXAS:

Thromboxane A2 synthase

TXB2 :

Thromboxane B2

UPR:

Unfolded-protein response

XBP1:

X box-binding protein 1

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Sharifur Rahman

  2. Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Salim Hossain

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  1. Mohammad Sharifur Rahman
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Rahman, M.S., Hossain, M.S. Eicosanoids Signals in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Foe or Friend. Mol Biotechnol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00919-4

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