Abstract
Drought stress is a major limitation to rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields and its stability, especially in rainfed conditions. Developing rice cultivars with inherent capacity to withstand drought stress would improve rainfed rice production. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to drought resistance traits will help to develop rice cultivars suitable for water-limited environments through molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategy. However, QTL mapping is usually carried out by genotyping large number of progenies, which is labour-intensive, time-consuming and cost-ineffective. Bulk segregant analysis (BSA) serves as an affordable strategy for mapping large effect QTLs by genotyping only the extreme phenotypes instead of the entire mapping population. We have previously mapped a QTL linked to leaf rolling and leaf drying in recombinant inbred (RI) lines derived from two locally adapted indica rice ecotypes viz., IR20/Nootripathu using BSA. Fine mapping the QTL will facilitate its application in MAS. BSA was done by bulking DNA of 10 drought-resistant and 12 drought-sensitive RI lines. Out of 343 rice microsatellites markers genotyped, RM8085 co-segregated among the RI lines constituting the respective bulks. RM8085 was mapped in the middle of the QTL region on chromosome 1 previously identified in these RI lines thus reducing the QTL interval from 7.9 to 3.8 cM. Further, the study showed that the region, RM212–RM302–RM8085–RM3825 on chromosome 1, harbours large effect QTLs for drought-resistance traits across several genetic backgrounds in rice. Thus, the QTL may be useful for drought resistance improvement in rice through MAS and map-based cloning.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nguyen, H. T., Babu, R. C., & Blum, A. (1997). Breeding for drought resistance in rice: Physiology and molecular genetics considerations. Crop Science, 37, 1426–1434.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). (2007). http//www.fao.org.
Huke, R. E., & Huke, E. H. (1997). Rice area by type of culture: South, Southeast and East Asia. Los Banos: IRRI.
Bernier, J., Kumar, A., Serraj, R., Spaner, D., & Atlin, G. N. (2008). Breeding upland rice for drought resistance. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 88, 927–939.
Venuprasad, R., Lafitte, H. R., & Atlin, G. N. (2007). Response to direct selection for grain yield under drought stress in rice. Crop Science, 47, 285–293.
Kamoshita, A., Babu, R. C., Boopathi, N. M., & Fukai, S. (2008). Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of drought-resistance traits for development of rice cultivars adapted to rainfed environments. Field Crops Research, 109, 1–23.
Fukai, S., & Cooper, M. (1995). Development of drought-resistant cultivars using physio-morphological traits in rice. Field Crops Research, 40, 67–86.
Lafitte, R., Blum, A., & Atlin, G. (2003). Using secondary traits to help identify drought-tolerant genotypes. In Breeding rice for drought-prone environments. Los Banos: IRRI.
Richards, R. A., Rebetzke, G. J., Watt, M., Condon, A. G., Spielmeyer, W., & Dolferus, R. (2010). Breeding for improved water productivity in temperate cereals: Phenotyping, quantitative trait loci, markers and the selection environment. Functional Plant Biology, 37, 85–97.
Blum, A. (1988). Plant breeding for Stress environments. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Inc.
Fischer, K. S., & Fukai, S. (2003). How rice responds to drought. In K. S. Fischer, R. Lafitte, S. Fukai, G. Atlin, & B. Hardy (Eds.), Breeding rice for drought prone environments (pp. 32–36). Los Banos: IRRI.
De Datta, S. K., Malabuyot, J. A., & Aragon, E. L. (1988). A field screening technique for evaluating rice germplasm for drought tolerance during the vegetative stage. Field Crops Research, 19, 123–134.
Courtois, B., McLaren, G., Sinha, P. K., Prasad, K., Yadav, R., & Shen, L. (2000). Mapping QTL associated with drought avoidance in upland rice. Molecular Breeding, 6, 55–66.
Chang, T. T., Loresto, G., & Tagum, P. O. (1974). Screening rice germplasm for drought resistance. SABRAO Journal, 6(1), 9–16.
O’Toole, J. C., & Moya, T. B. (1978). Genotypic variation in maintenance of leaf water potential. Crop Science, 18, 873–876.
Price, A. H., Cairns, J. E., Horton, P., Jones, H. G., & Griffiths, H. (2002). Linking drought-resistance mechanisms to drought avoidance in upland rice using a QTL approach: Progress and new opportunities to integrate stomatal and mesophyll responses. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 989–1004.
Singh, B. N., & Mackill, D. J. (1991). Genetics of leaf rolling under drought stress. In Rice genetics II (pp. 159–166). Manila: IRRI.
Lafitte, R. (2003). Managing water for controlled drought in breeding plots. In K. S. Fischer, R. Lafitte, S. Fukai, G. Atlin, & B. Hardy (Eds.) Breeding rice for drought-prone environments (pp. 23–26). Los Banos: IRRI.
Khowaja, F. S., & Price, A. H. (2008). QTL mapping rolling, stomatal conductance and dimension traits of excised leaves in the Bala × Azucena recombinant inbred population of rice. Field Crops Research, 106, 248–257.
Mohan, M., Nair, S., Bhagwat, A., Krishna, T. G., Masahiro, Y., Bhatia, C. R., et al. (1997). Genome mapping, molecular markers and marker-assisted selection in crop plants. Molecular Breeding, 3, 87–103.
Sun, Y., Wang, J., Crouch, J. H., & Xu, Y. (2010). Efficiency of selective genotyping for genetic analysis of complex traits and potential applications in crop improvement. Molecular Breeding, 26, 493–511.
Navabi, A., Mather, D. E., Bernier, J., Spaner, D. M., & Atlin, G. N. (2009). QTL detection with bidirectional and unidirectional selective genotyping: Marker-based and trait-based analyses. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 118, 347–358.
Michelmore, R. W., Paranand, I., & Kessele, R. V. (1991). Identification of markers linked to disease resistance genes by bulk segregant analysis: A rapid method to detect markers in specific genome using segregant population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 88, 9828–9832.
Venuprasad, R., Dalid, C. O., Del Valle, M., Zhao, D., Espiritu, M., Sta Cruz, M. T., et al. (2009). Identification and characterization of large-effect quantitative trait loci for grain yield under lowland drought stress in rice using bulk-segregant analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 120, 177–190.
Wang, G. L., & Paterson, A. H. (1994). Assessment of DNA pooling strategies for mapping of QTLs. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 88, 355–361.
Altinkut, A., Kazan, K., & Gozukirmizi, N. (2003). AFLP markers linked to water-stress-tolerant bulks in barley. Genetics and Molecular Biology, 26, 77–82.
Altinkut, A., & Gozukirmizi, N. (2003). Search for microsatellites associated with water stress tolerance in wheat through bulked segregant analysis. Molecular Biotechnology, 23, 97–106.
Quarrie, S. A., Lazic-Jancic, V., Kovacevic, D., Steed, A., & Pekic, S. (1999). Bulked segregant analysis with molecular markers and its use for improving drought resistance in maize. Journal of Experimental Botany, 50, 1299–1306.
Shashidar, H. E., Vinod, M. S., Naveen, S., Sharma, G. V., & Krishnamurthy, K. (2005). Markers linked to grain yield using bulk segregant analysis approach in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice Genetics Newsletter, 22, 69–71.
Gomez, S. M., Boopathi, N. M., Kumar, S. S., Ramasubramanian, T., Chengsong, Z., Jeyaprakash, P., et al. (2010). Molecular mapping and location of QTLs for drought-resistance traits in indica rice lines adapted to target environments. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 32, 355–364.
Kanagaraj, P., Prince, K. S. J., Sheeba, J. A., Biji, K. R., Paul, S. B., Senthil, A., et al. (2010). Microsatellite markers linked to drought resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Current Science, 98(6), 836–839.
Bernier, J., Kumar, A., Ramaiah, V., Spaner, D., & Atlin, G. (2007). A large-effect QTL for grain yield under reproductive-stage drought stress in upland rice. Crop Science, 47, 505–516.
Babu, R. C., Shashidhar, H. E., Lilley, J. M., Thanh, N. D., Ray, J. D., Sadasivam, S., et al. (2001). Variation in root penetration ability, osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance among accessions of rice adapted to rainfed lowland and upland ecosystems. Plant Breeding, 120, 233–238.
Gawel, N. J., & Jarret, R. L. (1991). A modified CTAB DNA extraction procedure for musa and ipomoea plant. Molecular Biology Reports, 9, 262–266.
McCouch, S. R., Teytelman, L., Xu, Y., Lobos, K. B., Clare, K., Walton, M., et al. (2002). Development and mapping of 2240 new SSR markers for rice (Oryza sativa L.). DNA Research, 9, 199–207.
Sambrook, J., & Russell, D. W. (2006). Detection of DNA in agarose gels. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. doi:10.1101/pdb.prot4022.
Kumari, S., Sheba, J. M., Marappan, M., Ponnusamy, S., Seetharaman, S., Pothi, N., et al. (2010). Screening of IR50 × Rathu Heenati F7 RILs and identification of SSR Markers linked to brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Molecular Biotechnology, 46, 63–71.
Steele, K. A., Edwards, G., Zhu, J., & Witcombe, J. R. (2004). Maker-evaluated selection in rice: Shifts in allele frequency among bulks selected in contrasting agricultural environments identify genomic regions of importance to rice adaptation and breeding. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 109, 1247–1260.
Khowaja, F. S., Norton, G. J., Courtois, B., & Price, A. H. (2009). Improved resolution in the position of drought-related QTLs in a single mapping population of rice by meta-analysis. BMC Genomics, 10, 276–290.
Venuprasad, R., Bool, M. E., Dalid, C. O., Bernier, J., Kumar, A., & Atlin, G. N. (2009). Genetic loci responding to two cycles of divergent selection for grain yield under drought stress in a rice breeding population. Euphytica, 167, 261–269.
Zhao, X. Q., Xu, J. L., Zhao, M., Lafitte, R., Zhu, L. H., Fu, B. Y., et al. (2008). QTLs affecting morph-physiological traits related to drought tolerance detected in overlapping introgression lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Science, 174, 618–625.
Subashri, M., Robin, S., Vinod, K. K., Rajeswari, S., Mohanasundaram, K., & Raveendran, T. S. (2009). Trait identification and QTL validation for reproductive stage drought resistance in rice using selective genotyping of near flowering RILs. Euphytica, 166, 291–305.
Qu, Y., Ping, M., Hongliang, Z., Chen, Y., Gao, Y., Tian, Y., et al. (2008). Mapping QTLs of root morphological traits at different growth stages in rice. Genetica, 133, 187–200.
Liu, G., Mei, H., Liu, H., Yu, X., Zou, G., & Luo, L. (2010). Sensitivities of rice grain yield and other panicle characters to late-stage drought stress revealed by phenotypic correlation and QTL analysis. Molecular Breeding, 25, 603–613.
Courtois, R., Ahmadi, N., Khowaja, F., Price, A. H., Rami, J. H., Frouin, J., et al. (2009). Rice root architecture: Meta analysis from a drought QTL database. Rice, 2, 115–128.
Hubner, N., Wallace, C. A., & Zimdahl, H. (2005). Integrated transcriptional profiling and linkage analysis for identification of genes underlying disease. Nature Genetics, 37, 243–253.
Zhu, M., & Zhao, S. (2007). Candidate Gene Identification Approach: Progress and Challenges. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(7), 420–427.
Zheng, B. S., Yang, L., Zhang, W. P., Mao, C. Z., & Wu, Y. R. (2003). Mapping QTLs and candidate genes for rice root traits under different water-supply conditions and comparative analysis across three populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 107, 1505–1515.
Zheng, B. S., Mao, C. Z., Zhang, W. P., & Wu, Y. R. (2006). QTLs and candidate genes for rice root growth under flooding and upland conditions. Acta Genetica Sinica, 33(2), 33141–33151.
Xiong, L. (2009). Drought frontiers in rice—Crop improvement for increased rainfed production. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Yano, M., Kojima, S., Takahashi, Y., Lin, H., & Sasaki, T. (2001). Genetic control of flowering time in rice, a short day plant. Plant Physiology, 127, 1425–1429.
Jian, X., Zhang, L., Li, G., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Cao, X., et al. (2010). Identification of novel stress-regulated microRNAs from Oryza sativa. Genomics, 95, 47–55.
Malamy, J. E. (2005). Intrinsic and environmental response pathways that regulate root system architecture. Plant Cell and Environment, 28, 67–77.
Nibau, C., Gibbs, D. J., & Coates, J. C. (2008). Branching out in new directions: The control of root architecture by lateral root formation. New Phytologist, 179(3), 595–614.
Rebouillat, J., Dievart, A., Verdeil, J. L., Escoute, J., Giese, E., & Breitler, J. C. (2008). Molecular genetics of rice root development. Rice, 2(1), 15–34.
Norton, G. J., Aitkenhead, M. J., Khowaja, F. S., Whalley, W. R., & Price, A. H. (2008). A bioinformatic and transcriptomic approach to identifying positional candidate genes without fine mapping; an example using rice root-growth QTLs. Genomics, 92, 344–352.
Larmande, P., Gay, C., Lorieux, M., Perin, C., Bouniol, M., & Droc, G. (2008). Oryza Tag Line, a database for the phenotypic characterization of the genoplante rice insertion line library. Nucleic Acids Research, 36, 1022–1027.
Ouyang, S., Zhu, W., Hamilton, J., Lin, H., Campbell, M., Childs, K., et al. (2007). The TIGR Genome Annotation Resource: Improvements and new features. Nucleic Acids Research, 35, 883–887.
Thongjuea, S., Ruanjaichon, V., Bruskiewich, R., & Vanavichit, A. (2009). Rice Gene Thresher: A web-based application for mining genes underlying QTL in rice genome. Nucleic Acids Research, 638, 1–5.
Shen, L., Courtois, B., McNally, K. L., Robin, S., & Li, Z. (2001). Evaluation of near-isogenic lines of rice introgressed with QTLs for root depth through marker-aided selection. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 103, 75–83.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Salunkhe, A.S., Poornima, R., Prince, K.S.J. et al. Fine Mapping QTL for Drought Resistance Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Using Bulk Segregant Analysis. Mol Biotechnol 49, 90–95 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-011-9382-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-011-9382-x