Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A brief review of environmentally benign antifouling and foul-release coatings for marine applications

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Antifouling coatings for ship hulls are a very important topic in coating research. They are essential with respect to fuel consumption of ships: without antifouling coating, biological species start to adhere to the ship’s exterior, leading to a gradual increase in fuel consumption. To date, the working principle of most of the paint systems applied is based on slow release of toxins in time (self-polishing coatings). In this article, we discuss the environmental impact of marine antifouling coatings based on quantitative data available from literature. In addition, we critically review hydrophilic antifouling and hydrophobic foul-release coatings as toxin-free alternatives and discuss their potential for replacing self-polishing coatings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), US Naval Institute, Annapolis, Iselin, COD (1952)

  2. Anderson CD, Hunter JE. NAV2000 Conference Proceedings, Venice, September 2000

  3. Yebra, DM, Kiil, S, Dam-Johansen, K, “Antifouling Technology—Past, Present and Future Steps Towards Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Antifouling Coatings.” Prog. Org. Coat., 50 75–104 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Dobretsov, S, Dahms, HU, Qian, P-Y, “Inhibition of Biofouling by Marine Microorganisms and their Metabolites.” Biofouling, 22 43–54 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Abarzua, S, Jakubowski, S, “Biotechnological Investigation for the Prevention of Biofouling. I. Biological and Biochemical Principles for the Prevention of Biofouling.” Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 123 301–312 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Railkin, AI, Marine Biofouling: Colonization Processes and Defences. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  7. Haye, ME, “Marine Chemical Ecology: What’s Known and What’s Next?” J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 200 103–134 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kirschner, CM, Brennan, AB, “Bio-Inspired Antifouling Strategies.” Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 42 211–229 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Xu, Z, Ou Yang, Q, Yi, D, “Antifouling Method of Marine Fouling Organisms—A Review.” Corros. Sci. Prot. Technol., 24 192–198 (2012)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rascio, VJD, “Antifouling Coatings: Where Do We Go from Here?” Corros. Rev., 18 133–154 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Champ, MA, “A Review of Organotin Regulatory Strategies Pending Actions Related Costs and Benefits.” Sci. Total Environ., 258 21–71 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Abbott, A, Abel, PD, Arnold, DW, Milne, A, “Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Use of TBT: The Case for a Treatment Approach.” Sci. Total Environ., 258 5–19 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Nanotechnology and Anti-fouling, http://www.european-coatings.com/Homepage-News/Nanotechnology-and-anti-fouling. Accessed Jan 2009

  14. Taking the Green Measure, http://www.international-marine.com/propeller/PropellerImages/pdf/Propeller24_Jul10.pdf. Accessed July 2010

  15. Eco-efficiency—A New Tool to Support Better Decisions on Hull Coating Investments, http://www.international-marine.com/literature/ecoefficiency-whitepaper.pdf. Accessed Sept 2010

  16. Haak, PW, “Antifouling Systems, Current Status and Developments.” The Present Status of TBT-Copolymer Antifouling Paints, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Anti-fouling Paints for Ocean-Going Vessels, The Hague, February 21, 1996

  17. Fuel-Saving Antifouling Shortlisted for Three Environmental Awards, http://www.bairdmaritime.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=784:fuel-saving-antifouling-shortlisted-for-three-environmental-awards&catid=91&Itemid=88. Accessed March 2009

  18. MOL Focuses on High-Performance, Fuel-Saving Antifouling Ship Bottom Paint, http://www.micportal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3170:mol-joint-co2-reduction-project-selected-as-mlits-industry-support-program&catid=19:vessels-equipment&Itemid=30. Accessed Jan 2010

  19. Antifouling Systems, http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/Anti-foulingSystems/Documents/FOULING2003.pdf. Accessed 2002

  20. Brady, RF, “Fouling-Release Coatings for Warships.” Def. Sci. J., 94 400–404 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Fletcher, M, “The Effects of Proteins on Bacterial Attachment to Polystyrene.” J. Gen. Microbiol., 94 400–404 (1976)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Braithwaite, RA, McEvoy, LA, “Marine Biofouling on Fish Farms and its Remediation.” Adv. Mar. Biol., 47 215–252 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Al-Juhni, AA, Newby, BZ, “Incorporation of Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate into Silicone Coatings and Subsequent Leaching of the Compound from the Incorporated Coatings.” Prog. Org. Coat., 56 135–145 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Warnken, J, Dunn, RJK, Teasdale, PR, “Investigation of Recreational Boats as a Source of Copper at Anchorage Sites Using Time-Integrated Diffusive Gradients in Thin Film and Sediment Measurements.” Mar. Pollut. Bull., 49 833–843 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Strand, J, Jacobsen, JA, “Accumulation and Trophic Transfer of Organotins in a Marine Food Web from the Danish Coastal Waters.” Sci. Total Environ., 350 72 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Evans, SM, Leksono, T, McKinnell, PD, “Tributyltin Pollution: A Diminishing Problem Following Legislation Limiting the Use of TBT-Based Antifouling Paints.” Mar. Pollut. Bull., 30 14 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Swain, G, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sea Water Drag Reduction, The Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, 1998, 155–161

  28. “TBT: Link to Whale Beachings? (COATINGS)”. Marine Log 2005, March issue, 34

  29. Vold, H, “Prohibition of Organotin in Antifouling Systems: The Classification Societies’ Perspective.” J. Protect. Coat. Linings, 20 30–32 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Vold, H, “Hull Coatings: Use of Harmful Anti-foulings Banned.” Mar. Eng. Rev., September issue, 49–50 (2008)

  31. Goldie, B, “Ballast tank test yields long-service epoxy.” J. Protect. Coat. Linings, February issue, 48–53 (2008)

  32. NATO International Staff—Defence Investment Division, Performance Requirements for Underwater Hull Paint Systems, AEP 61, Ed. 2 (2009)

  33. Kristensen, JB, Meyer, RL, Horsmans Poulsen, C, Kragh, KM, Besenbacjer, F, Laursen, BS, “Biomimetic Silica Encapsulation of Enzymes for Replacement of Biocides in Antifouling Coatings.” Green Chem., 12 387–394 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kugel, A, Stafslien, S, Chisholm, BJ, “Antimicrobial Coatings Produced by “Tethering” Biocides to the Coating Matrix: A Comprehensive Review.” Prog. Org. Coat., 72 222–252 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Faÿ, F, Carteau, D, Linossier, I, Vallée-Réhel, K, “Evaluation of Anti-microfouling Activity of Marine Paints by Microscopical Techniques.” Prog. Org. Coat., 72 579–585 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Juan, Z, Lin, C-G, Duan, D-X, “Progress on Measurement of Adhesion Strength of Marine Microfouling Organisms.” Adv. Mater. Res., 299–300 883–886 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  37. D’Souza, F, Bruin, A, Biersteker, R, Donnelly, G, Klijnstra, J, Rentrop, C, Willemsen, P, “Bacterial Assay for the Rapid Assessment of Antifouling and Fouling Release Properties of Coatings and Materials.” J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 37 363–370 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Cassé, F, Stafslien, SJ, Bahr, JA, Daniels, J, Finlay, JA, Callow, JA, Callow, ME, “Combinatorial Materials Research Applied to the Development of New Surface Coatings V: Application of a Spinning Water-Jet for the Semi-High Throughput Assessment of Attachment Strength of Marine Fouling Algae.” Biofouling, 23 121–130 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Da Gama, BAP, Pereira, RC, Soares, AR, Teixeira, VL, Yoneshigue-Valentin, Y, “Is the Mussel Test a Good Indicator of Antifouling Activity? A Comparison Between Laboratory and Field Assays.” Biofouling, 19 161–169 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Stafslien, S, Daniels, J, Bahr, J, Chisholm, B, Ekin, A, Webster, D, Orihuela, B, Rittschof, D, “An Improved Laboratory Reattachment Method for the Rapid Assessment of Adult Barnacle Adhesion Strength to Fouling-Release Marine Coatings.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., (2012). doi:10.1007/s1198-012-9409-7

  41. Ribeiro, E, Stafslien, SJ, Cassé, F, Callow, JA, Callow, ME, Pieper, RJ, Daniels, JW, Bahr, JA, Webster, DC, “Automated Image-Based Method for Laboratory Screening of Coating Libraries for Adhesion of Algae and Bacterial Biofilms.” J. Comb. Chem., 10 586–594 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hucknall, A, Rangarajan, S, Chilkoti, A, “In Pursuit of Zero: Polymer Brushes that Resist the Adsorption of Proteins.” Adv. Mater., 21 2441–2446 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Krishnan, S, Weinman, CJ, Ober, CK, “Advances in Polymers for Anti-biofouling Surfaces.” J. Mater. Chem., 18 3405–3413 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wang, P, Tan, KL, Kang, ET, Neoh, KG, “Plasma-Induced Immobilization of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) onto Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Microporous Membrane.” J. Membr. Sci., 195 103–114 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ekblad, T, Bergström, G, Ederth, T, Conlan, SL, Mutton, R, Clare, AS, Wang, S, Liu, Y, Zhao, Q, D’Souza, F, Donnelly, GT, Willemsen, PR, Pettitt, ME, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, Liedberg, B, “Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Containing Hydrogel Surfaces for Antifouling Applications in Marine and Freshwater Environments.” Biomacromolecules, 9 2775–2783 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Holmlin, RE, Chen, X, Chapman, RG, Takayama, S, Whitesides, GM, “Zwitterionic SAMs that Resist Nonspecific Adsorption of Protein from Aqueous Buffer.” Langmuir, 17 2841–2850 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kang, G-D, Liu, Z-N, Yu, H-J, Cao, Y-M, “Enhancing Antifouling Property of Commercial Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membrane by Surface Coating Using a Brush-Like Polymer Containing Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Chains.” Desalin. Water Treat., 37 139–145 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Huang, J, Xue, J, Xiang, K, Zhang, X, Cheng, C, Sun, S, Zhao, C, “Surface Modification of Polyethersulfone Membranes by Blending Triblock Copolymers of Methoxyl Poly(Ethylene Glycol)–Polyurethane–Methoxyl Poly(Ethylene Glycol).” Colloids Surf. B, 88 315–324 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Szott, LM, Horbett, TA, “Protein Interactions with Surfaces: Computational Approaches and Repellency.” Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 15 683–689 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ostaci, R-V, Damiron, D, Al Akhrass, S, Grohens, Y, Drockenmuller, E, “Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Brushes Grafted to Silicon Substrates by Click Chemistry: Influence of PEG Chain Length, Concentration in the Grafting Solution and Reaction Time.” Polym. Chem., 2 348–354 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hofs, B, Brzozowska, A, de Keizer, A, Norde, W, Cohen Stuart, MA, “Reduction of Protein Adsorption to a Solid Surface by a Coating Composed of Polymeric Micelles with a Glass-Like Core.” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 325 309–315 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kang, G, Liu, M, Lin, B, Cao, Y, Yuan, Q, “A Novel Method of Surface Modification on Thin-Film Composite Reverse Osmosis Membrane by Grafting Poly(Ethylene Glycol).” Polymer, 48 1165–1170 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Grafahrend, D, Calvet, JL, Klinkhammer, K, Salber, J, Dalton, PD, Möller, M, Klee, D, “Control of Protein Adsorption on Functionalized Electrospun Fibers.” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 101 609–621 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Schulte, VA, Diez, M, Hu, Y, Möller, M, Lensen, MC, “The Combined Influence of Substrate Stiffness and Surface Topography on the Anti-adhesive Properties of Acr-sP(EO-stat-PO) Hydrogels.” Biomacromolecules, 11 3375–3383 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Holmes, PF, Currie, EPK, Thies, JC, van der Mei, HC, Busscher, HJ, Norde, W, “Surface-Modified Nanoparticles as a New, Versatile, and Mechanically Robust Nonadhesive Coating: Suppression of Protein Adsorption and Bacterial Adhesion.” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, 824–833 (2009)

  56. Currie, E, Thies, J, Holmes, P, “Coating Composition, Coating and an Object Coated with the Coating Composition,” Patent Application Number 20080280138

  57. Bosker, WTE, Patzsch, K, Cohen Stuart, MA, Norde, W, “Sweet Brushes and Dirty Proteins.” Soft Matter, 3 745–762 (2007)

  58. Mrabet, B, Nguyen, MN, Majbri, A, Mahouche, S, Turmine, M, Bakhrouf, A, Chehimi, MN, “Anti-fouling Poly(2-Hydoxyethyl Methacrylate) Surface Coatings with Specific Bacteria Recognition Capabilities.” Surf. Sci., 603 2422–2429 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Yang, WJ, Cai, T, Neoh, K-G, Kang, E-T, Dickinson, GH, Teo, SL-M, Rittschof, D, “Biomimetic Anchors for Antifouling and Antibacterial Polymer Brushes on Stainless Steel.” Langmuir, 27 7065–7076 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. An, Q, Li, F, Li, Y, Chen, H, “Influence of Polyvinyl Alcohol on the Surface Morphology, Separation and Anti-fouling Performance of the Composite Polyamide Nanofiltration Membranes.” J. Membr. Sci., 367 158–165 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Brzozowska, AM, Zhang, Q, de Keizer, A, Norde, W, Cohen Stuart, MA, “Reduction of Protein Adsorption on Silica and Polysulfone Surfaces Coated with Complex Coacervate Core Micelles with Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) as a Neutral Brush Forming Block.” Colloids Surf. A, 368 96–104 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Zhao, C, Zheng, J, “Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(N-hydroxyethylacrylamide) for Long-Term Antifouling Ability.” Biomacromolecules, 12 4071–4079 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Wu, L, Jasinski, J, Krishnan, S, “Carboxybetaine, Sulfobetaine, and Cationic Block Copolymer Coatings: A Comparison of the Surface Properties and Antifouling Behavior.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 124 2154–2170 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Zhang, Z, Chen, S, Jiang, S, “Dual-Functional Biomimetic Materials: Nonfouling Poly(Carboxybetaine) with Active Functional Groups for Protein Immobilization.” Biomacromolecules, 7 3311–3315 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Matsuura, K, Ohno, K, Kagaya, S, Kitano, H, “Carboxybetaine Polymer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: High Dispersion Stability and Resistance against Non-specific Adsorption of Proteins.” Macromol. Chem. Phys., 208 862–873 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ladd, J, Zhang, Z, Chen, S, Hower, JC, Jiang, S, “Zwitterionic Polymers Exhibiting High Resistance to Nonspecific Protein Adsorption from Human Serum and Plasma.” Biomacromolecules, 9 1357–1361 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tada, S, Inaba, C, Mizukami, K, Fujishita, S, Gemmei-Ide, M, Kitano, H, Mochizuki, A, Tanaka, M, Matsunaga, T, “Anti-biofouling Properties of Polymers with a Carboxybetaine Moiety.” Macromol. Biosci., 9 63–70 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Dong, Z, Mao, J, Yang, M, Wang, D, Bo, S, Ji, X, “Phase Behavior of Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles and their Stability in Protein Solutions.” Langmuir, 27 15282–15291 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Zhang, Z, Chao, T, Chen, S, Jiang, S, “Superlow Fouling Sulfobetaine and Carboxy-Betaine Polymers on Glass Slides.” Langmuir, 22 10072–10077 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Chang, Y, Liao, S-C, Higuchi, A, Ruaan, R-C, Chu, C-W, Chen, W-Y, “A Highly Stable Nonbiofouling Surface with Well-Packed Grafted Zwitterionic Polysulfobetaine for Plasma Protein Repulsion.” Langmuir, 24 5453–5458 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang, Z, Finlay, JA, Wang, L, Gao, Y, Callow, JA, Callow, ME, Jiang, S, “Polysulfobetaine-Grafted Surfaces as Environmentally Benign Ultralow Fouling Marine Coatings.” Langmuir, 25 13516–13521 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Branch, DW, Wheeler, BC, Brewer, GJ, Leckband, DE, “Long-Term Stability of Grafted Polyethylene Glycol Surfaces for Use with Microstamped Substrates in Neuronal Cell Culture.” Biomaterials, 22 1035–1047 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Emoto, K, van Alstine, JM, Harris, JM, “Stability of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Graft Coatings.” Langmuir, 14 2722–2729 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Nalwa, H, Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials. Academic Press, New York, 2001. ISBN 10 0125139101

  75. Baier, RE, DePalma, VA, “The Relationship of the Internal Surface of Grafts to Thrombosis.” In: Dale, WA (ed.) Management of Occlusive Aterial Disease, pp. 147–163. Yearbook Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sommer, S, Ekina, A, Webster, DC, Stafslien, SJ, Daniels, J, VanderWal, LJ, Thompson, SEM, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, “A Preliminary Study on the Properties and Fouling-Release Performance of Siloxane-Polyurethane Coatings Prepared from PDMS Macromers.” Biofouling, 26 961–972 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ekin, A, Webster, DC, “Combinatorial and High-Throughput Screening of the Effect of Siloxane Composition on the Surface Properties of Crosslinked Siloxane-Polyurethane Coatings.” J. Comb. Chem., 9 178–188 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Majumdar, P, Stafslien, S, Daniels, J, Webster, DC, “High-Throughput Combinatorial Characterization of Thermosetting Siloxane-Urethane Coatings Having Spontaneously Formed Microtopographical Surfaces.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 4 131–138 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Majumdar, P, Webster, DC, “The Influence of Siloxane and Extent of Reaction.” Polymer, 48 7499–7509 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Bodkhe, RB, Stafslien, SJ, Cilz, N, Daniels, J, Thompson, SEM, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, Webster, DC, “Polyurethanes with Amphiphilic Surfaces made Using Telechelic Functional PDMS Having Orthogonal Acid Functional Groups.” Prog. Org. Coat., 75 38–48 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Rahman, MM, Chun, H-H, Park, H, “Waterborne Polysiloxane–Urethane–Urea for Potential Marine Coatings.” J. Coat. Technol. Res., 8 389–399 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Majumdar, P, Webster, DC, “Preparation of Siloxane-Urethane Coatings Having Spontaneously Formed Biphasic Microtopographical Surface.” Macromolecules, 38 5857–5859 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Adkins, JD, Mera, AE, Roe-Short, MA, Pawlikowski, GT, Brady, RF, Jr, “Novel Non-toxic Coatings Designed to Resist Marine Fouling.” Prog. Org. Coat., 29 1–5 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Zhang, H, Lamb, R, Lewis, J, “Engineering Nanoscale Roughness on Hydrophobic Surface—Preliminary Assessment of Fouling Behaviour.” Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 6 236–239 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wouters, M, Rentrop, C, Willemsen, P, “Surface Structuring and Coating Performance.” Prog. Org. Coat., 68 4–11 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Brady, RF, Singer, IL, “Mechanical Factors Favouring Release from Fouling Release Coatings.” Biofouling, 15 73–81 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Holland, R, Dugdale, TM, Wetherbee, R, Brennan, AB, Finlay, JA, Callow, JA, Callow, ME, “Adhesion and Motility of Fouling Diatoms on a Silicone Elastomer.” Biofouling, 20 323–329 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Schmidt, DL, Brady, RF, Jr, Lam, K, Schmidt, DC, Chaudhury, MK, “Contact Angle Hysteresis, Adhesion, and Marine Biofouling.” Langmuir, 20 2830–2836 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Chaudhury, MK, Finlay, JA, Jun, YC, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, “The Influence of Elastic Modulus and Thickness on the Release of the Soft-Fouling Green Alga Ulva linza (syn. Enteromorpha linza) from Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) Model Networks.” Biofouling, 21 41–48 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. http://www.international-marine.com.

  91. Joshi, RG, Goel, A, Mannari, VM, Finlay, JA, Callow, ME, Callow, JA, “Evaluating Fouling-Resistance and Fouling-Release Performance of Smart Polyurethane Surfaces: An Outlook for Efficient and Environmentally Benign Marine Coatings.” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 114 3693–3703 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Wouters, M, van Zanten, J, Vereijken, T, Bakker, D, Klijnstra, J, “Fluorinated Polyurethane Coatings with Adaptable Surface Properties.” Pitt. Vernic., 18 4–13 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  93. Wouters, M, Van Zanten, J, Vereijken, T, Bakker, D, Klijnstra, J, “Fluorinated Polyurethane Coatings with Adaptable Surface Properties.” Surf. Coat. Int. Part B: Coat. Trans., 89 23–30 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. TNO, De Rondom 1, 5612 AP, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

    Pascal Buskens, Mariëlle Wouters, Corné Rentrop & Zeger Vroon

Authors
  1. Pascal Buskens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mariëlle Wouters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Corné Rentrop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zeger Vroon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pascal Buskens.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Buskens, P., Wouters, M., Rentrop, C. et al. A brief review of environmentally benign antifouling and foul-release coatings for marine applications. J Coat Technol Res 10, 29–36 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-012-9456-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-012-9456-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation