Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Exposure to indoor-outdoor particulate matter and associated trace elements within childcare facilities

  • Published:
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Children’s exposure to trace elements through indoor and outdoor pollutants could be a risk to their health. Here, we investigated the concentrations of particulate matter (PM), and PM trace elements existed in indoor and outdoor environments of childcare facilities. The coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated to evaluate the relation between PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments, and I/O ratios for PM were investigated in hallway and indoors during summer and winter seasons. We performed the factor analysis to identify the sources of trace elements in indoor PM2.5. For all childcare facilities, PM2.5 concentrations correlated well with PM10 concentrations in both indoor and outdoor environments, and their slopes are similar. In indoor-outdoor PM concentrations, the higher I/O ratios were presented in winter season, and there were significant differences between hallway and indoors in PM concentrations: childcare C (residential) for PM10 and childcare A (residential) and B (near roadway) for PM10. The factor analysis (FA) results indicated that indoor PM2.5 concentrations were contributed by outdoor pollutant sources, and the variance (%) of trace elements existed in PM2.5 determined by factors 1, 2, and 3 showed over 85%. Thus, these sources are the most significant outdoor pollutants and are sourced from re-suspended soil dust and motor vehicle emissions. More importantly, trace elements (Zn and Ni) included in PM2.5 could not be removed by an air purifier and could lead to potential pollutants in indoors of a childcare facility.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adgate JL, Mongin SJ, Pratt GC, Zhang J, Field MP, Ramachandran G, Sexton K (2007) Relationships between personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to trace elements in PM(2.5). Sci Total Environ 386:21–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Admasie A, Kumie A, Worku A, Tsehayu W (2019) Household fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations from cooking fuels: the case in an urban setting, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia. Air Qual Atmos Health 12:755–763

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahn Y, Kim D (2019) The prevalence of asthma and severe asthma in children influenced by transportation factors: evidence from spatial analysis in Seoul, Korea. Cities 85:30–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Autrup H (2010) Ambient air pollution and adverse health effects. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2:7333–7338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey MR, Ansoborlo E, Guilmette RA, Paquet F (2007) Updating the ICRP human respiratory tract model. Radiat Prot Dosim 127:31–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-David T, Waring MS (2018) Interplay of ventilation and filtration: differential analysis of cost function combining energy use and indoor exposure to PM 2.5 and ozone. Build Environ 128:320–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buczynska AJ, Krata A, Van Grieken R, Brown A, Polezer G, De Wael K, Potgieter-Vermaak S (2014) Composition of PM2.5 and PM1 on high and low pollution event days and its relation to indoor air quality in a home for the elderly. Sci Total Environ 490:134–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buonanno G, Giovinco G, Morawska L, Stabile L (2015) Lung cancer risk of airborne particles for Italian population. Environ Res 142:443–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen XC, Jahn HJ, Engling G, Ward TJ, Kraemer A, Ho KF, Yim SHL, Chan CY (2017) Chemical characterization and sources of personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the megacity of Guangzhou, China. Environ Pollut 231:871–881

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis L, Rea W, Smith-Willis P, Fenyves E, Pan Y (2006) Adverse health effects of outdoor air pollutants. Environ Int 32:815–830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPA (2014) EPA’s SPECIATE 4.4 Database - Development and Uses. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NRMRL&dirEntryId=321598. Accessed 20 May 2019

  • García-Alex JR, Delgado-Saborit JM, Verdu-Martin G, Amigo-Descarrega JM, E-C V (2014) Trends in arsenic levels in PM10 and PM2.5 aerosol fractions in an industrial area. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:695–703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geens A, Snelson D, JR L JR (2006) Ventilation performance for spaces where smoking is permitted a review of previous work and field study results. Build Serv Eng Res Technol 1:235–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guarnieri M, Balmes JR (2014) Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet 383:1581–1592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerreiro CBB, Foltescu V, de Leeuw F (2014) Air quality status and trends in Europe. Atmos Environ 98:376–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulia S, Shiva Nagendra SM, Khare M, Khanna I (2015) Urban air quality management-a review. Atmos Pollut Res 6:286–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guo H, Morawska L, He C, Zhang YL, Ayoko G, Cao M (2010) Characterization of particle number concentrations and PM2.5 in a school: influence of outdoor air pollution on indoor air. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 17:1268–1278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera Murillo J, Campos Ramos A, Ángeles García F, Blanco Jiménez S, Cárdenas B, Mizohata A (2012) Chemical composition of PM2.5 particles in Salamanca, Guanajuato Mexico: source apportionment with receptor models. Atmos Res 107:31–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilpert M, Johnson M, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Domingo-Relloso A, Peters A, Adria-Mora B, Hernandez D, Ross J, Chillrud SN (2019) A new approach for inferring traffic-related air pollution: use of radar-calibrated crowd-sourced traffic data. Environ Int 127:142–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho SSH, Li L, Qu L, Cao J, Lui KH, Niu X, Lee S-C, Ho KF (2018) Seasonal behavior of water-soluble organic nitrogen in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at urban coastal environments in Hong Kong. Air Qual Atmos Health 12:389–399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hvidtfeldt UA, Sorensen M, Geels C, Ketzel M, Khan J, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Brandt J, Raaschou-Nielsen O (2019) Long-term residential exposure to PM2.5, PM10, black carbon, NO2, and ozone and mortality in a Danish cohort. Environ Int 123:265–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kheirbek I, Wheeler K, Walters S, Kass D, Matte T (2013) PM2.5 and ozone health impacts and disparities in New York City: sensitivity to spatial and temporal resolution. Air Qual Atmos Health 6:473–486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi F, Iwata K, Maki T, Kakikawa M, Higashi T, Yamada M, Ichinose T, Iwasaka Y (2015) Evaluation of the toxicity of a Kosa (Asian duststorm) event from view of food poisoning: observation of Kosa cloud behavior and real-time PCR analyses of Kosa bioaerosols during May 2011 in Kanazawa, Japan. Air Qual Atmos Health 9:3–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai AM, Carter E, Shan M, Ni K, Clark S, Ezzati M, Wiedinmyer C, Yang X, Baumgartner J, Schauer JJ (2019) Chemical composition and source apportionment of ambient, household, and personal exposures to PM2.5 in communities using biomass stoves in rural China. Sci Total Environ 646:309–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lei Y, Shen Z, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Sun J, Gong X, Cao J, Xu H, Liu S, Yang L (2018) Optical source profiles of brown carbon in size-resolved particulate matter from typical domestic biofuel burning over Guanzhong Plain, China. Sci Total Environ 622-623:244–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu WT, Ma CM, Liu IJ, Han BC, Chuang HC, Chuang KJ (2015) Effects of commuting mode on air pollution exposure and cardiovascular health among young adults in Taipei, Taiwan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 218:319–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Londahl J, Moller W, Pagels JH, Kreyling WG, Swietlicki E, Schmid O (2014) Measurement techniques for respiratory tract deposition of airborne nanoparticles: a critical review. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 27:229–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mabahwi NAB, Leh OLH, Omar D (2014) Human health and wellbeing: human health effect of air pollution. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 153:221–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madureira J, Aguiar L, Pereira C, Mendes A, Querido MM, Neves P, Teixeira JP (2018) Indoor exposure to bioaerosol particles: levels and implications for inhalation dose rates in schoolchildren. Air Qual Atmos Health 11:955–964

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mammi-Galani E, Eleftheriadis K, Mendes L, Lazaridis M (2017) Exposure and dose to particulate matter inside the subway system of Athens, Greece. Air Qual Atmos Health 10:1015–1028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manigrasso M, Vitali M, Protano C, Avino P (2017) Temporal evolution of ultrafine particles and of alveolar deposited surface area from main indoor combustion and non-combustion sources in a model room. Sci Total Environ 598:1015–1026

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Massey D, Masih J, Kulshrestha A, Habil M, Taneja A (2009) Indoor/outdoor relationship of fine particles less than 2.5μm (PM2.5) in residential homes locations in central Indian region. Build Environ 44:2037–2045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mentz G, Robins TG, Batterman S, Naidoo RN (2018) Acute respiratory symptoms associated with short term fluctuations in ambient pollutants among schoolchildren in Durban. South Africa Environ Pollut 233:529–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Na K, Cocker DR (2009) Characterization and source identification of trace elements in PM2.5 from Mira Loma, Southern California. Atmos Res 93:793–800

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oh HJ, Jeong NN, Sohn JR, Roh JS, Kim J (2019) Exposure to inhalable aerosols and their chemical characteristics from different potential factors in urban office environments. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int

  • Oosterlee A, Drijver M, Bert Brunekreef EL (1996) Chronic respiratory symptoms in children and adults living along streets with high traffic density. Occup Environ Med 53:241–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pekey B, Bozkurt ZB, Pekey H, Dogan G, Zararsiz A, Efe N, Tuncel G (2010) Indoor/outdoor concentrations and elemental composition of PM10/PM2.5 in urban/industrial areas of Kocaeli City, Turkey. Indoor Air 20:112–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas-Bracho L, Suh HH, Kouthtrakis P (2000) Relationships among personal, indoor, and outdoor fine and coarse particle concentrations for individual with COPD. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 10:294–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scungio M, Stabile L, Rizza V, Pacitto A, Russi A, Buonanno G (2018) Lung cancer risk assessment due to traffic-generated particles exposure in urban street canyons: a numerical modelling approach. Sci Total Environ 631-632:1109–1116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaltout AA, Hassan SK, Alomairy SE, Manousakas M, Karydas AG, Eleftheriadis K (2018) Correlation between inorganic pollutants in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected from industrial and residential areas in Greater Cairo, Egypt. Air Qual Atmos Health 12:241–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddique S, Ray MR, Lahiri T (2010) Effects of air pollution on the respiratory health of children: a study in the capital city of India. Air Qual Atmos Health 4:95–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan C, Lu S, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Shi T, Lin M, Deng Z, Wang Z, Song N, Li S, Yang P, Yang L, Liu Y, Chen Z, Xu K (2017) Long-term exposure to high air pollution induces cumulative DNA damages in traffic policemen. Sci Total Environ 593-594:330–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tao J, Cheng T, Zhang R, Cao J, Zhu L, Wang Q, Luo L, Zhang L (2013) Chemical composition of PM2.5 at an urban site of Chengdu in southwestern China. Adv Atmos Sci 30:1070–1084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valavanidis A, Fiotakis K, Vlachogianni T (2008) Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. J Environ Sci Health C 26:339–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchi R, Marcazzan G, Valli G (2007) A study on nighttime–daytime PM10 concentration and elemental composition in relation to atmospheric dispersion in the urban area of Milan (Italy). Atmos Environ 41:2136–2144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vu TV, Ondracek J, Zdimal V, Schwarz J, Delgado-Saborit JM, Harrison RM (2017) Physical properties and lung deposition of particles emitted from five major indoor sources. Air Qual Atmos Health 10:1–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Bi X, Sheng G, Fu J (2006) Chemical composition and sources of PM10 and PM2.5 aerosols in Guangzhou. China Environ Monit Assess 119:425–439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2018) The Global Impact of Respiratory Disease. https://www.who.int/gard/publications/The_Global_Impact_of_Respiratory_Disease.pdf. Accessed 10 Apr 2019

  • Williams R (2003) The Research Triangle Park particulate matter panel study: PM mass concentration relationships. Atmos Environ 37:5349–5363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu L, Chen X, Chen J, Zhang F, He C, Du K, Wang Y (2012) Characterization of PM10 atmospheric aerosol at urban and urban background sites in Fuzhou City, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19:1443–1453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav AK, Sahoo SK, Dubey JS, Kumar AV, Pandey G, Tripathi RM (2019) Assessment of particulate matter, metals of toxicological concentration, and health risk around a mining area, Odisha, India. Air Qual Atmos Health 12:775–783

  • Zhou Z, Dionisio KL, Verissimo TG, Kerr AS, Coull B, Arku RE, Koutrakis P, Spengler JD, Hughes AF, Vallarino J, Agyei-Mensah S, Ezzati M (2013) Chemical composition and sources of particle pollution in affluent and poor neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana. Environ Res Lett 8:044025

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Y, Deng Y, Wu P, Cao S-J (2017) The effects of ventilation and floor heating systems on the dispersion and deposition of fine particles in an enclosed environment. Build Environ 125:192–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025761, NRF-2018R1A6A3A11048705).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Hyeon-Ju Oh

    Present address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health and Enviornmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea

    Hyeon-Ju Oh, Junesun Kim & Jong-Ryeul Sohn

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro (yangho-dong), Gumi, Gyeongbuk, 39177, South Korea

    Hyeon-Ju Oh & Jongbok Kim

Authors
  1. Hyeon-Ju Oh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Junesun Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jong-Ryeul Sohn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jongbok Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Jong-Ryeul Sohn or Jongbok Kim.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Oh, HJ., Kim, J., Sohn, JR. et al. Exposure to indoor-outdoor particulate matter and associated trace elements within childcare facilities. Air Qual Atmos Health 12, 993–1001 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00718-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00718-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation