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Morphological Variation in Wild Marmosets (Callithrix penicillata and C. geoffroyi) and Their Hybrids

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Abstract

Evolutionary theory and observation predict wider phenotypic variation in hybrids than parental species. Emergent phenotypic novelty in hybrids may in turn drive new adaptations or speciation by breaking parental phenotypic constraints. Primate hybridization is often documented through genetic evidence, but knowledge about the primate hybrid phenotype remains limited due to a small number of available studies on hybrid primate morphology. Here, we examine pelage and morphometric variation in two Brazilian marmoset species (Callithrix penicillata and C. geoffroyi) and their hybrids. Hybrids were sampled in an anthropogenic hybrid zone in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. We analyzed hybrid facial and body pelage color variation, and compared 13 morphometric measures between hybrids and parental species. Five different hybrid facial morphotypes were observed, varying from intermediate to parental-like. Hybrid facial morphotypes were biased towards C. penicillata, suggesting that the pelage of this species may be dominant to that of C. geoffroyi in this context, and indicating that mate preference, and therefore gene flow/introgression, may be biased towards C. penicillata within the hybrid zone. Hybrid morphometric features were on average intermediate to parental species traits, but transgressive hybrids were also observed, suggesting that morphometric variation for the studied traits is consistent with Rieseberg’s complementary allele model. Finally, we observed a decoupling of facial patterning and size/shape in hybrids, relative to parent phenotypes, suggesting that an important factor driving phenotypic novelty within the Viçosa marmoset hybrid zone might be the loosening of evolutionary constraints on phenotypic trait integration.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank CAPES for providing a graduate scholarship to L.F.F. A Fulbright Fellowship and National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Grant #1061508 to J.M. also provided additional funding for this work. We thank the Brasilia Zoo and Brasilia Botanical Garden for access to their premises.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Biology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

    Lisieux Franco Fuzessy

  2. Department of Animal Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil

    Ita de Oliveira Silva, Fernanda F. Rodrigues Silva & Marcella do Carmo Pônzio

  3. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Joanna Malukiewicz

  4. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil

    Vanner Boere

  5. Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa

    Rebecca Rogers Ackermann

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  1. Lisieux Franco Fuzessy
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  2. Ita de Oliveira Silva
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  3. Joanna Malukiewicz
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Correspondence to Rebecca Rogers Ackermann.

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Fuzessy, L.F., Silva, I.O., Malukiewicz, J. et al. Morphological Variation in Wild Marmosets (Callithrix penicillata and C. geoffroyi) and Their Hybrids. Evol Biol 41, 480–493 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-014-9284-5

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