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Tempering-Induced Microstructural Changes in the Weld Heat-Affected Zone of 9 to 12 Pct Cr Steels and Their Influence on Sliding Wear

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Abstract

Increasing amount of tribological applications is working under alternating high/low temperature conditions where the material is subjected to temperature fatigue mechanisms such as creep, softening due to annealing, and at the same time must withstand mechanical wear due to sliding contact with pairing bodies. Steam turbine valves, gate valves, valve heads, stems, seats and bushings, and contacting surfaces of the carrier elements are some examples of such applications. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the potential of X20 and P91 steels as materials for applications operating under combined effect of mechanical wear and alternating high/low temperature conditions. It was focused on how the microstructural changes occurring in the weld zone affect the wear properties of the selected materials. Generally, with longer tempering time and higher tempering temperature, the number of carbide precipitates decreased, while their relative spacing increased. Before tempering, the morphology of the steel matrix (grain size, microstructure homogeneity) governed the wear resistance of both steels, while after tempering wear response was determined by the combination of the number and the size of carbide particles. After tempering, in X20 steel larger number of stable M23C6 carbides was observed as compared with P91 steel, resulting in lower wear rates. It was observed that for both steels, a similar combination of number density and size distribution of carbide particles provided the highest wear resistance.

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Acknowledgments

The work presented was funded by the Austrian COMET Programme (Project XTribology, No. 849109) and carried out at the “Excellence Center of Tribology” (AC2T research GmbH) in co-operation with V-Research GmbH and Institute of metals and technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. V-Research GmbH, Stadtstraße 33, 6850, Dornbirn, Austria

    Igor Velkavrh (Researcher), Stefan Klien (Researcher) & Alexander Diem (Area Manager)

  2. Institute of Metals and Technology, Lepi pot 11, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Fevzi Kafexhiu (Researcher) & Bojan Podgornik (Professor)

Authors
  1. Igor Velkavrh
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  2. Fevzi Kafexhiu
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  3. Stefan Klien
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Correspondence to Igor Velkavrh.

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Manuscript submitted February 24, 2016.

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Velkavrh, I., Kafexhiu, F., Klien, S. et al. Tempering-Induced Microstructural Changes in the Weld Heat-Affected Zone of 9 to 12 Pct Cr Steels and Their Influence on Sliding Wear. Metall Mater Trans A 48, 109–125 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3830-y

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