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Design Optimization and Fabrication of Graphene/J-Aggregate Kretschmann-Raether Devices for Refractive Index Sensing Using Plasmon-Induced Transparency Phenomena

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Abstract

Here, a novel plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) sensing platform based on a Kretschmann–Raether configuration with graphene/J-aggregate materials is proposed. The J-aggregate material, despite its dielectric optical properties, can strongly confine the surface wave-like metal layers. These features promise to highly enlarge the range of plasmonic sensing devices. Therefore, the sensing parameters have been numerically and experimentally investigated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that the PIT resonance of the structure has a sharp reflection, in turn, leads to high sensitivity. To deep benchmark the structure, the effects of the structural parameters and environmental variables such as temperature and magnetic field on the sensing properties of the device are analyzed in detail. The maximum sensitivity is obtained as high as 1400 angle per refractive-index unit (RIU) with an extra high figure of merit of 36 RIU−1 around the PIT resonance angle of 53°. By considering the magnetic field of 0.01 T and graphene chemical potential of μ  = 0.4 eV and environmental room temperature, the proposed structure may potentially be applied in advanced off-chip PIT sensors.

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All data included in this paper are available upon request by contact with the contact corresponding author.

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All code included in this paper are available upon request by contact with the contact corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving our manuscript in advance.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran

    Amir Mohammad Rezaei Zanganeh & Mohammad Hazhir Mozaffari

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Optoelectronics Research Center, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

    Ali Farmani & Ali Mir

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  1. Amir Mohammad Rezaei Zanganeh
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  2. Ali Farmani
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  3. Mohammad Hazhir Mozaffari
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  4. Ali Mir
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Contributions

AMRZ: software and data curation. MHM and AF: methodology and investigation. AM: conceptualization, methodology, and writing — review and editing. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mohammad Hazhir Mozaffari.

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Zanganeh, A.M.R., Farmani, A., Mozaffari, M.H. et al. Design Optimization and Fabrication of Graphene/J-Aggregate Kretschmann-Raether Devices for Refractive Index Sensing Using Plasmon-Induced Transparency Phenomena. Plasmonics 17, 811–821 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-021-01591-7

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