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Review on heavy metal contaminants in freshwater fish in South India: current situation and future perspective

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Abstract

The primary natural resource we use in our daily lives for a variety of activities is freshwater for drinking and various developmental goals. Furthermore, the pace of human population increase worldwide is rising rapidly and has a great impact on the Earth’s natural resources. Natural water quality has diminished owing to various anthropogenic activities. Water is crucial to the life cycle. On the other hand, chemical and agricultural industries pollute heavy metals. Acute and chronic diseases caused by heavy metals, such as slow metabolism and damage to the gills and epithelial layer of fish species, are divided into two categories. Pollutants can also harm liver tissues and result in ulceration as well as diseases such as fin rot, tail rot, and gill disease. The most prevalent heavy metals are As, Cr, Pb, and Hg, which are systemic toxicants that affect human health. These metals are categorized as carcinogens by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the worldwide agency for cancer research because they cause organ damage even at low exposure levels. The focus of the current study is to review various freshwater sources of heavy metal pollution.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Department of Physiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, and Department of Biotechnology, Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Salem, for providing the necessary facilities and support to carry out this research work successfully. Author KP also is thankful to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for providing financial assistance in the form of Kothari-Post-Doctoral Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Vinayaka Missions Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636308, India

    Saranya Elumalai

  2. Department of Marine Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India

    Kolandhasamy Prabhu

  3. Department of Oceanography & Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Thondi Campus, Thondi, Tamil Nadu, 623409, India

    Gopi Palani Selvan

  4. Department of Physiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India

    Pasiyappazham Ramasamy

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  3. Gopi Palani Selvan
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  4. Pasiyappazham Ramasamy
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All listed authors have contributed significantly to the paper and are eligible for authorship. PR and SE created the idea, collected literature, and wrote half of the manuscript. KP has revised the manuscript several times and equal to first authorship contribution. GP formatted the manuscript according to journal guidelines. PR is responsible for this correspondence. The authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Elumalai, ., Prabhu, K., Selvan, G.P. et al. Review on heavy metal contaminants in freshwater fish in South India: current situation and future perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 119594–119611 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30659-6

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