Abstract
Malachite green (C52H54N4O12) is a synthetic dye that is used in textile industries as a colorant and in aquaculture sectors to contain microbial damage. Aquatic contamination of malachite green (MG) has been reported globally. Fish is the highest trophic organism among aquatic inhabitants, highly sensitive to waterborne contaminants (metals, coloring agents, etc.). Toxicity of waterborne chemicals on nontarget organisms can be determined by assessing biomarkers. Assessing blood parameters and tissue antioxidants (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) is useful to evaluate MG toxicity. To initiate the MG toxicity data for freshwater fish (Cyprinus carpio), the median lethal toxicity was primarily evaluated. Then, hematological, blood biochemical (glucose, protein, and cholesterol) and tissue biochemical (amino acids, lipids), and vital tissue (gills, liver, and kidney) antioxidant capacity (CAT, LPO, GST, GR, POxy, vitamin C, and GSH) of C. carpio were analyzed under acute (LC50–96 h) and sublethal (Treatment I—1/10th and Treatment II—1/5th LC50–96 h) exposure periods (28 days). Molecular docking for MG with hemoglobin was also obtained. Biomarkers examined were affected in the MG-treated groups with respect to the control group. Significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed in hematology (Hb, RBCs, and WBCs), glucose, proteins, lipids and tissue CAT, LPO, and GST activities under acute MG exposure. In sublethal treatment groups, biomarkers studied were significant (p < 0.05) throughout the study period. The potential for MG binding to hemoglobin was tested in this study. MG is potentially a multiorgan toxicant. Literally a chemical that is harmful to the aquatic environment if safety is concerned.
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References
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Funding
We thank the following funding agencies: Foreign Youth Talent 2022 (QN2022024001L), the National Foreign Youth Talen Program, Department of Science and Technology Bureau, China, UGC-New Delhi, India, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42077224), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong (ZR2020MD122), Taishan Industry Leading Talents Fund (tscy20150707), and the Social Livelihood Major Project of Ji’nan (201807007).
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RKP: methodology, software, data curation, writing—draft (original and revised); RA: methodology, software, data curation; MR: supervision, funding acquisition, writing—review; BL: writing—review; ZR: supervision, funding acquisition, writing—review.
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Highlights
• Malachite green acute and sublethal toxic effects on Cyprinus carpio were studied.
• LC50-96 h, hematological, biochemical, antioxidants, and molecular docking were studied.
• Malachite green is potentially a multiorgan (gills, liver, and kidney) toxic substance.
• A concentration- and duration-dependent toxic effect has resulted in this study.
• We initiated the potential toxicity of malachite green on edible freshwater fish.
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Poopal, RK., Ashwini, R., Ramesh, M. et al. Triphenylmethane dye (C52H54N4O12) is potentially a hazardous substance in edible freshwater fish at trace level: toxicity, hematology, biochemistry, antioxidants, and molecular docking evaluation study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 28759–28779 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24206-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24206-y