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Integrated seawater intrusion and groundwater quality assessment of a coastal aquifer: GALDIT, geospatial and analytical approaches

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Abstract

The pressure and dependence on coastal aquifers are on the rise in many parts of the globe. These lead to overexploitation, aggravated levels of groundwater pollution, and seawater intrusion. Integrated analyses can create holistic insights into the quality and the vulnerability of aquifers to seawater intrusion. In this study, Mombasa North coast’s coastal aquifer was characterized by integrating multiple approaches—GALDIT overlay index, seawater intrusion groundwater quality index GQISWI, total hardness, water quality index (WQI)—and the results were further explored and interpreted with geospatial analysis techniques. The study suggests that the predominant water type in areas under moderate or high vulnerabilities to seawater intrusion is the Na-Cl water type. However, similar Na-Cl water types can produce a range of total hardness from soft to hard. GQISWI classification can be used to narrow down the observations from Stuyfzand’s TH-based classification system. In the aquifer studied, the results of the GALDIT overlay index, a weighted aggregation of intrinsic parameters contributing to seawater intrusion, show that 29%, 59%, and 12% of the aquifer have low, moderate, and high vulnerabilities, respectively. The GQISWI analysis indicates that the groundwater is largely brackish (68%) but saline towards the southern end of the aquifer at 32%. Total hardness values indicate that 67% of the aquifer’s coverage falls under the “moderately hard” category. The geodatabase creation introduced in the study provides a template for similar studies and a baseline for future WQI and water quality monitoring. However, temporal studies on chronological timescales are recommended for sustainable management of the aquifer.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Figshare repository, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9730157.v1

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the African Union Commission and her partners, through the Pan African University (PAUSTI) scholarship for providing the funds for conducting the research, JICA for providing seed funds at the preliminary stage of the research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology for making facilities available as the host university for PAUSTI, and the Technical University of Kenya for technical support and access to academic materials online.

Funding

Funding for the project is from the African Union and her partners through the Pan African University scholarship. The funding covers all aspects of the research including data collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Kenya, P.O Box 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya

    Temitope Ezekiel Idowu, Nelly Kiplangat & Jane Munyi

  2. Center for Applied Coastal Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

    Temitope Ezekiel Idowu

  3. Department of Geoinformation & Earth Observation, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya

    Charlynne Jepkosgei

  4. Inst. for Basic Sci. Tech & Innovation-Pan African University at JKUAT, Juja Main Campus, Juja, Kenya

    Maurice Nyadawa & Maurice O. Korowe

  5. Department of Physics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya

    Maurice O. Korowe

  6. Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development, Nairobi, Kenya

    Rose M. Waswa

  7. Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China

    Kayode H. Lasisi

  8. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, PMB704, Nigeria

    Kayode H. Lasisi & Fidelis O. Ajibade

Authors
  1. Temitope Ezekiel Idowu
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  2. Charlynne Jepkosgei
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  3. Maurice Nyadawa
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  4. Maurice O. Korowe
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  5. Rose M. Waswa
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  6. Kayode H. Lasisi
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  7. Nelly Kiplangat
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  8. Jane Munyi
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  9. Fidelis O. Ajibade
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Contributions

TI was involved in the conceptualization, methodology, field data collection, laboratory tests, data analysis and investigation, and writing. MN supervised the study from the conceptualization to the manuscript writing and was involved at every stage. MK co-supervised the project and was involved from the conceptualization to the manuscript writing stage. CJ worked on parts of the methodology, especially the GIS analysis part, and also contributed to the writing of the manuscript. RW contributed to the data analysis and the GALDIT index. JM, KL, NK, and FA all contributed to original draft preparation, review, and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Temitope Ezekiel Idowu.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: Xianliang Yi

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Idowu, T.E., Jepkosgei, C., Nyadawa, M. et al. Integrated seawater intrusion and groundwater quality assessment of a coastal aquifer: GALDIT, geospatial and analytical approaches. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 36699–36720 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18084-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18084-z

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