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Optimising of Scenedesmus sp. biomass production in chicken slaughterhouse wastewater using response surface methodology and potential utilisation as fish feeds

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Abstract

Production of Scenedesmus sp. biomass in chicken slaughterhouse wastewater (CSWW) is a promising alternative technique for commercial culture medium due to the high nutritional content of the generated biomass to be used as fish feeds. The current work deals with optimising of biomass production in CSWW using response surface methodology (RSM) as a function of two independent variables, namely temperature (10–30 °C) and photoperiod (6–24 h). The potential application of biomass yield as fish feeds was evaluated based on carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents. The results revealed that the best operating parameters for Scenedesmus sp. biomass production with high contents of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids were determined at 30 °C and after 24 h. The actual and predicted values were 2.47 vs. 3.09 g, 1.44 vs. 1.27 μg/mL, 29.9 vs. 31.60% and 25.75 vs. 28.44%, respectively. Moreover, the produced biomass has a high concentration of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as follows: 35.91% of C15:1; 17.58% of C24:1 and 14.11% of C18:1N9T. The biomass yields have 7.98% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5N3) which is more appropriate as fish feeds. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of biomass revealed that the main functional groups included hydroxyl (OH), aldehyde (=C–H), alkanes and acyl chain groups. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis (EDS) indicated that the surface morphology and element distribution in biomass produced in BBM and CSWW were varied. The findings have indicated that the biomass produced in CSWW has high potential as fish feeds.

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Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia (MOSTI) for the research project financial support under E-Science Fund research grant VOT NO S029 (03-01-SF0097). They are also thankful to the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia by FRGS 1476 research grant that supported microalgae collection from Endau-Rompin National Park. Thanks are also extended to the University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia and Office for Research, Innovation, Commercialization, and Consultancy Management (ORICC) for research grant IGSP VOT NO U682 for prioritising the necessary infrastructure to carry out the research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Micro-Pollutant Research Centre, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Malaysia

    Maizatul Azrina Yaakob, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Adel Al-Gheethi, Athirah Tiey & Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim

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  1. Maizatul Azrina Yaakob
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  2. Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
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  3. Adel Al-Gheethi
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RM, AA and AHMK conceived and supervised the research; MAY and AT performed the research; all authors wrote the manuscript and contributed to the discussion; and all authors have approved the final article.

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Correspondence to Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed or Adel Al-Gheethi.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

Fig. 7
figure 7

Flow diagram of chicken slaughterhouse activity

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Fig. 8
figure 8

Chicken slaughterhouse sampling area

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Appendix 2

Fig. 9
figure 9

Lipid extraction procedure by using chloroform:methanol

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Appendix 3

Table 4 Central composite design arrangement and responses for Scenedesmus sp. biomass production in CSWW as well as carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents
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Appendix 4

Table 5 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the response surface quadratic model for Scenedesmus sp. dry biomass production
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Appendix 5

Fig. 10
figure 10

Factor plot representing the individual variable effect on Scenedesmus sp. biomass production and carbohydrate, protein and lipid contents

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Appendix 6

Table 6 Elements of FAME in Scenedesmus sp. biomass produced in BBM
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Table 7 Elements of FAME in Scenedesmus sp. biomass produced in CSWW
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Table 8 Elements of FAME in commercial fish feeds
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Appendix 7

Table 9 The FTIR spectral characteristics of Scenedesmus sp. and commercial fish feeds
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Yaakob, M.A., Mohamed, R.M.S.R., Al-Gheethi, A. et al. Optimising of Scenedesmus sp. biomass production in chicken slaughterhouse wastewater using response surface methodology and potential utilisation as fish feeds. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 12089–12108 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04633-0

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