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Degradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye malachite green catalyzed by crude manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus F17

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Abstract

Malachite green (MG), a recalcitrant, carcinogenic, and mutagenic triphenylmethane dye, was decolorized and detoxified using crude manganese peroxidase (MnP) prepared from the white rot fungus Irpex lacteus F17. In this study, the key factors (pH, temperature, MG, Mn2+, H2O2, MnP) in these processes were investigated. Under optimal conditions, 96 % of 200 mg L−1 of MG was decolorized when 66.32 U L−1 of MnP was added for 1 h. The K m, V max, and k cat values were 109.9 μmol L−1, 152.8 μmol L−1 min−1, and 44.5 s−1, respectively. The decolorization of MG by MnP followed first-order reaction kinetics with a kinetic rate constant of 0.0129 h−1. UV–vis and UPLC analysis revealed degradation of MG. Furthermore, seven different intermediates formed during the MnP treatment of 0.5 h were identified by LC-TOF-MS. These degradation products were generated via two different routes by either N-demethylation of MG or the oxidative cleavage of the C–C double bond in MG. Based on ecotoxicity analyses performed on bacteria and algae, it was confirmed that MG metabolites produced by the MnP-catalyzed system were appreciably less toxic than the parent compound. These studies indicate the potential use of this enzyme system in the clean-up of aquatic and terrestrial environments.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31070109, 31570102).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, People’s Republic of China

    Xueting Yang, Jinzhao Zheng, Yongming Lu & Rong Jia

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  1. Xueting Yang
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  2. Jinzhao Zheng
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  3. Yongming Lu
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  4. Rong Jia
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Correspondence to Rong Jia.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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ESM 1

Fig. S1 Chromatograms of UPLC recording at a 618 nm and b 360 nm. Fig. S2 LC-MS total ion chromatogram (TIC) for the extracted MG metabolites after MnP treatment for 0.5 h. Fig. S3 The mass spectra of MG and its degradation products identified by LC-MS analysis. a–h represents (p-methylaminophenyl)(p-methylaminophenyl)phenylmethylium, (p-dimethylaminophenyl) (p-methylaminophenyl)phenylmethylium, MG, dimethyl-(4-oxo-cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)-ammonium, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-aminobenzophenone, 4-(methylamino) benzophenone, 4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone, separately. (DOCX 745 kb)

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Yang, X., Zheng, J., Lu, Y. et al. Degradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye malachite green catalyzed by crude manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus F17. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 9585–9597 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6164-9

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