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Cyclic Strain Heterogeneity and Damage Formation in Rolled Magnesium Via In Situ Microscopic Image Correlation

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Abstract

Inherently tied to the complexity of their deformation mechanisms, Magnesium alloys show a high propensity for strain localization at multiple length-scales. Understanding this aspect of Magnesium deformation is essential for enabling new-generation models that seek fidelity at the microstructural level. We present a comprehensive investigation of strain distributions over a cyclic load path in rolled Magnesium AZ31. Over the asymmetric stress-strain curve, the spatial structures that correspond to twin-, detwin- and plasticity-dominated deformation regimes are targeted, with an emphasis on their cyclic interactions. A robust in-situ implementation of digital image correlation with area-scanning optical microscopy is performed that entails a full bridging of grain and sample scales. This proves essential to uncover the pronounced long-range coordination of the strain patterns in this material. Over the compression-tension-compression cycle, two such patterns have dominant presence: (i) tensile-twin-driven (TTD) bands that are activated in compression and (ii) preferential plasticity in micro-texture bands, heavily realized in tension. Strain heterogeneity levels show a distinct asymmetry at the mid- and end points of the cycle. Both dominant patterns come to co-exist in the latter as a second-wave of TTD bands superpose over remnant strains in the micro-texture bands. The compactness of second-wave TTD bands is significantly reduced compared to the first wave. The strain distributions over the intergranular localization network that make up the TTD bands are characteristic and can be targeted by advanced models. The long-range inherited micro-texture elements have a strong impact on the meso-scale strain heterogeneity and they warrant careful consideration.

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Notes

  1. (Infinitesimal) rotation is not a native deformation measure and Ref. [42] details the caveats of its use in this role. Notably, any rigid body rotation (sample-scale or local, e.g., grain rotations) is superimposed on the targeted signal of the shear structures (e.g., note the rotation of the low-strain fields in Fig. 5a). Nevertheless, all strain maps are also provided, and their simultaneous inspection safeguards against any misinterpretation over the rotation maps.

  2. Of course, the spatial characteristics of the bands that come over the existing ones (e.g., in a case where the strain is further increased over the monotonic compression path toward the point that tensile twin gets exhausted [2]) poses a very interesting problem of spatial strain accommodation with ramifications on hardening. We state this as future work and note its higher technical difficulty regarding micro-DIC invalidations [42].

  3. The DIC strain resolution is reduced by 1–2 orders compared to the visual (pixel) resolution of an image. It hence takes an extended-field microscopic measurement to detail the strain in the micro-texture bands.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TÜBİTAK, Grant No: 114M215.

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342, Istanbul, Turkey

    N. Shafaghi, E. Kapan & C. C. Aydıner

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Appendix Automated selection of tensile-twin-driven band points

Appendix Automated selection of tensile-twin-driven band points

TTD band points are chosen on the basis of their higher strains compared to the dormant populations. An appropriate threshold is used to select the high strain skeleton of the band in the form of a binary (True/False) mask. To fill in the intermediate points of the band without expanding it, a binary closing operation (dilation followed by erosion) is performed with a disk-shaped structural element of 5 pixel radius. The entire procedure is calibrated against the FW-TTD band regions that can be hand-selected (Fig. 10c). It is, however, devised for SW-TTD bands that have a more irregular distribution (Fig. 7d). Note, due to the high-pass thresholding, the high-strain points are always selected. (The details of the morphological fill operation only pertain to the small-strain populations of the histograms, and that effect is also minor.)

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Shafaghi, N., Kapan, E. & Aydıner, C.C. Cyclic Strain Heterogeneity and Damage Formation in Rolled Magnesium Via In Situ Microscopic Image Correlation. Exp Mech 60, 735–751 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-020-00612-6

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