Abstract
Cello-oligosaccharides (COS) are linear oligosaccharides composed of β-1,4-linked glucopyranose units. They comprise a group of important new oligosaccharides of significant interest and potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and feed industries, currently emerging as potential prebiotic compounds. COS from lignocellulosic biomass, specifically the agro-industrial residues and by-products of the forestry industry, constitute a new attractive process that imposes the sustainable use of biomass resources. Two main strategies have been used for the production of COS: acid-based and enzyme-based cellulose hydrolysis. The latter has been considered more attractive due to the use of milder reaction conditions and less production of monomers. This review summarizes that although COS is emerging as a potential prebiotic with also other potential applications, there is a lack of information regarding the large-scale production, which could be associated with the recalcitrant nature of cellulose compared to other polysaccharides, which hinders the hydrolysis of its dense network.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adschiri T, Hirose S, Malaluan R, Arai K (1993) Noncatalytic conversion of cellulose in supercritical and subcritical water. J Chem Eng Jpn 26(6):676–680
Awasthi MK, Sarsaiya S, Wainaina S, Rajendran K, Kumar S, Quan W, Duan Y, Awasthi SK, Chen H, Pandey A, Zhang Z, Jain A, Taherzadeh MJ (2019) A critical review of organic manure biorefinery models toward sustainable circular bioeconomy: technological challenges, advancements, innovations, and future perspectives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 111:115–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.017
Barbosa FC, Kendrick E, Brenelli LB, Arruda HS, Pastore GM, Rabelo SC, Damasio A, Franco TT, Leak D, Goldbeck R (2020a) Optimization of cello-oligosaccharides production by enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane straw using cellulolytic and oxidative enzymes. Biomass Bioenergy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105697
Barbosa FC, Martins M, Brenelli LB, Ferrari FA, Forte MBS, Rabelo SC, Franco TT, Goldbeck R (2020b) Screening of potential endoglucanases, hydrolysis conditions and different sugarcane straws pretreatments for cello-oligosaccharides production. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123918
Barbosa FC, Silvello MA, Goldbeck R (2020c) Cellulase and oxidative enzymes: new approaches, challenges and perspectives on cellulose degradation for bioethanol production. Biotechnol Lett 42:875–884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-020-02875-4
Bergenstråhle M, Wohlert J, Himmel ME, Brady JW (2010) Simulation studies of the insolubility of cellulose. Carbohydr Res 345:2060–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2010.06.017
Bhatia L, Sharma A, Bachheti RK, Chandel AK (2019) Lignocellulose derived functional oligosaccharides: production, properties, and health benefits. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 49:744–758. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2019.1608446
Billès E, Onwukamike KN, Coma V, Grelier S, Peruch F (2016) Cellulose oligomers production and separation for the synthesis of new fully bio-based amphiphilic compounds. Carbohydr Polym 154:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.107
Birhade S, Pednekar M, Sagwal S, Odaneth A, Lali A (2017) Preparation of cellulase concoction using differential adsorption phenomenon. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 47:520–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2016.1275009
Bouchard J, Méthot M, Fraschini C, Beck S (2016) Effect of oligosaccharide deposition on the surface of cellulose nanocrystals as a function of acid hydrolysis temperature. Cellulose 23:3555–3567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1036-5
Cangiano LR, Yohe TT, Steele MA, Renaud DL (2020) Strategic use of microbial-based probiotics and prebiotics in dairy calf rearing. Appl Anim Sci 36:630–651. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2020-02049
Cano ME, García-Martin A, Morales PC, Wojtusik M, Santos VE, Kovensky J, Ladero M (2020) Production of oligosaccharides from agrofood wastes. Fermentation 6(1):31. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010031
Champreda V, Mhuantong W, Lekakarn H, Bunterngsook B, Kanokratana P, Zhao XQ, Zhang F, Inoue H, Fujii T, Eurwilaichitr L (2019) Designing cellulolytic enzyme systems for biorefinery: from nature to application. J Biosci Bioeng 128(6):637–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.05.007
Chen P, Shrotri A, Fukuoka A (2019) Soluble cello-oligosaccharides produced by carbon-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose. Chem Sus Chem 12(12):2576–2580. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201900800
Cho EJ, Trinh LTP, Song Y, Lee YG, Bae HJ (2020) Bioconversion of biomass waste into high value chemicals. Bioresour Technol 298:122386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122386
Chu Q, Li X, Xu Y, Wang Z, Huang J, Yu S, Yong Q (2014) Functional cello-oligosaccharides production from the corncob residues of xylo-oligosaccharides manufacture. Process Biochem 49(8):1217–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.05.007
Clemens RA, Jones JM, Kern M, Lee SY, Mayhew EJ, Slavin JL, Zivanovic S (2016) Functionality of sugars in foods and health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 15(3):433–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12194
de Freitas C, Carmona E, Brienzo M (2019) Xylooligosaccharides production process from lignocellulosic biomass and bioactive effects. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fibre 18:100184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcdf.2019.100184
Fujii S, Takahashi N, Inoue H, Katsumata S, Kikkawa Y, Machida M, Ishimi Y, Uehara M (2016) A combination of soy isoflavones and cello-oligosaccharides changes equol/ O -desmethylangolensin production ratio and attenuates bone fragility in ovariectomized mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 80(8):1632–1635. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2016.1184559
Fushinobu S (2014) A new face for biomass breakdown. Nat Chem Biol 10(2):88–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1434
Hemsworth GR, Johnston EM, Davies GJ, Walton PH (2015) Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in biomass conversion. Trends Biotechnol 33(12):747–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.09.006
Isogai T, Yanagisawa M, Isogai A (2008) Degrees of polymerization (DP) and DP distribution of dilute acid-hydrolyzed products of alkali-treated native and regenerated celluloses. Cellulose 15(6):815–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-008-9231-7
Jiao LF, Song ZH, Ke YL, Xiao K, Hu CH, Shi B (2014) Cello-oligosaccharide influences intestinal microflora, mucosal architecture and nutrient transport in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 195:85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.05.014
Karnaouri A, Topakas E, Christakopoulos P (2014) Cloning, expression, and characterization of a thermostable GH7 endoglucanase from Myceliophthora thermophila capable of high-consistency enzymatic liquefaction. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(1):231–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4895-9
Karnaouri A, Topakas E, Matsakas L, Rova U, Christakopoulos P (2018) Fine-tuned enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolv pretreated forest materials for the efficient production of cellobiose. Front Chem 6:128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00128
Karnaouri A, Matsakas L, Bühler S, Muraleedharan MN, Christakopoulos P, Rova U (2019a) Tailoring celluclast® cocktail’s performance towards the production of prebiotic cello-oligosaccharides from waste forest biomass. Catalysts 9(11):897. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9110897
Karnaouri A, Matsakas L, Krikigianni E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P (2019b) Valorization of waste forest biomass toward the production of cello-oligosaccharides with potential prebiotic activity by utilizing customized enzyme cocktails. Biotechnol Biofuels 12(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1628-z
Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:3358–3393. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460587
Kluge S, Bonhage B, Viell J, Granström M, Kindler A, Spiess AC (2019) Enzymatic production of cello-oligomers with endoglucanases. Cellulose 26:4279–4290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02390-4
Kobayashi H, Hosaka Y, Hara K, Feng B, Hirosaki Y, Fukuoka A (2014) Control of selectivity, activity and durability of simple supported nickel catalysts for hydrolytic hydrogenation of cellulose. Green Chem 16(2):637–644. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3GC41357H
Kuhad RC, Gupta R, Singh A (2011) Microbial cellulases and their industrial applications. Enzyme Res. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/280696
Liang X, Yoshida T, Uryu T (2013) Direct saccharification and ethanol fermentation of cello-oligosaccharides with recombinant yeast. Carbohydr Polym 91:157–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.056
Liebert T, Seifert M, Heinze, T (2008) Efficient Method for the preparation of pure, water‐soluble cellodextrines. In: Macromol symposia, vol 262. WILEY‐VCH Verlag, Weinheim, pp 140–149
Mano MCR, Neri-Numa IA, da Silva JB, Paulino BN, Pessoa MG, Pastore GM (2018) Oligosaccharide biotechnology: an approach of prebiotic revolution on the industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 102:17–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8564-2
Martin-Mingot A, Vigier KDO, Jérôme F, Thibaudeau S (2012) High efficiency of superacid HF–SbF 5 for the selective decrystallization–depolymerization of cellulose to glucose. Organic Biomol Chem 10(13):2521–2524. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2OB07143F
Otsuka M, Ishida A, Nakayama Y, Saito M, Yamazaki M, Murakami H, Nakamura Y, Matsumoto M, Mamoto K, Takada R (2004) Dietary supplementation with cellooligosaccharide improves growth performance in weanling pigs. Anim Sci J 75:225–229
Sakamoto T, Hasunuma T, Hori Y, Yamada R, Kondo A (2012) Direct ethanol production from hemicellulosic materials of rice straw by use of an engineered yeast strain codisplaying three types of hemicellulolytic enzymes on the surface of xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. J Biotechnol 158(4):203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.025
Sanz ML, Gibson GR, Rastall RA (2005) Influence of disaccharide structure on prebiotic selectivity in vitro. J Agric Food Chem 53(13):5192–5199. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050276w
Scolforo CZ, Madeira E (2013) Elaboração De Geleia De Maçã Enriquecida Com Fruto-Oligossacarídeo. J Food Nutr 24:115–125
Selig MJ, Vuong TV, Gudmundsson M, Forsberg Z, Westereng B, Felby C, Master ER (2015) Modified cellobiohydrolase–cellulose interactions following treatment with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase CelS2 (S c LPMO10C) observed by QCM-D. Cellulose 22(4):2263–2270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0635-x
Soccol CR, de Souza Vandenberghe LP, Medeiros ABP, Karp SG, Buckeridge M, Ramos LP, Torres FAG (2010) Bioethanol from lignocelluloses: status and perspectives in Brazil. Bioresour Technol 101(13):4820–4825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.067
Song J, Jiao LF, Xiao K, Luan ZS, Hu CH, Shi B, Zhan XA (2013) Cello-oligosaccharide ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of intestinal microflora, morphology and barrier integrity in broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 185(3–4):175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.08.001
Tolonen LK, Juvonen M, Niemelä K, Mikkelson A, Tenkanen M, Sixta H (2015) Supercritical water treatment for cello-oligosaccharide production from microcrystalline cellulose. Carbohydr Res 401:16–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.012
Tsuji A, Tominaga K, Nishiyama N, Yuasa K (2013) Comprehensive enzymatic analysis of the cellulolytic system in digestive fluid of the Sea Hare Aplysia kurodai. Efficient glucose release from sea lettuce by synergistic action of 45 kDa endoglucanase and 210 kDa ß-glucosidase. PLoS ONE 8(6):65418. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065418
Tuohy KM, Rouzaud GCM, Bruck WM, Gibson G (2005) Modulation of the human gut microflora towards improved health using prebiotics—assessment of efficacy. Curr Pharm Des 11(1):75–90. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612053382331
Uyeno Y, Kawashima K, Hasunuma T, Wakimoto W, Noda M, Nagashima S et al (2013) Effects of cellooligosaccharide or a combination of cellooligosaccharide and live clostridium butyricum culture on performance and intestinal ecology in holstein calves fed milk or milk replacer. Livestock Sci 153(1–3):88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.02.005
Vanderghem C, Boquel P, Blecker C, Paquot M (2010) A multistage process to enhance cellobiose production from cellulosic materials. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 160(8):2300–2307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-009-8724-7
Vermaas JV, Crowley MF, Beckham GT, Payne CM (2015) Effects of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase oxidation on cellulose structure and binding of oxidized cellulose oligomers to cellulases. J Phys Chem B 119(20):6129–6143. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b00778
Yabushita M, Kobayashi H, Hasegawa JY, Hara K, Fukuoka A (2014) Entropically favored adsorption of cellulosic molecules onto carbon materials through hydrophobic functionalities. Chem Sus Chem 7(5):1443–1450. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201301296
Yang J, Zhang X, Yong Q, Yu S (2010) Three-stage hydrolysis to enhance enzymatic saccharification of steam-exploded corn stover. Bioresour Technol 101(13):4930–4935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.079
Yu Y, Wu H (2010) Understanding the primary liquid products of cellulose hydrolysis in hot-compressed water at various reaction temperatures. Energy Fuels 24(3):1963–1971. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef9013746
Yu Z, Jameel H, Chang HM, Philips R, Park S (2012) Evaluation of the factors affecting avicel reactivity using multi-stage enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 109(5):1131–1139. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24386
Zabed H, Sahu JN, Suely A, Boyce AN, Faruq G (2017) Bioethanol production from renewable sources: current perspectives and technological progress. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 71:475–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.076
Zhang YHP, Lynd LR (2003) Cellodextrin preparation by mixed-acid hydrolysis and chromatographic separation. Anal Biochem 322(2):225–232
Zhong C, Ukowitz C, Domig KJ, Nidetzky B (2020) Short-chain cello-oligosaccharides: intensification and scale-up of their enzymatic production and selective growth promotion among probiotic bacteria. J Agric Food Chem 68(32):8557–8567. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02660
Zhou P, Liu C, Wang W, Wang F, Nie K, Deng L (2020) The effectively simultaneous production of cello-oligosaccharide and glucose mono-decanoate from lignocellulose by enzymatic esterification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 192(2):600–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03356-0
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the São Paulo State Research Foundation for the financial support (FAPESP, Grants nos. 2017/24503-2, 2015/20630-4, 2015/50612-8 and 2019/08542-3). The authors also thank Espaço da Escrita—Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa—UNICAMP—for the language services provided.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ávila, P.F., Silva, M.F., Martins, M. et al. Cello-oligosaccharides production from lignocellulosic biomass and their emerging prebiotic applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 37, 73 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-021-03041-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-021-03041-2