Abstract
This review addresses the structure, properties, applications and future scope of lemongrass, which constitutes an abundant source of plant material around the world. As a source of cellulose, it has been successfully used for the adsorption of metal ions and dyes and for manufacturing paper and pulp. Recently, it has shown promise in the production of composites and bio energy, as well as obtaining silica and other metal oxides. However, previous research studies have mostly concentrated on utilizing the biological activities of the constituents in therapeutic uses, food preservation, cosmetics and agriculture. Therefore, this review covers literature on all areas of current studies on lemongrass and identifies its multidimensional potential. Furthermore, this review describes the intended application of lemongrass as a source of cellulosic matter, more specifically in the materials science field.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd-El Fattah SM, Yahia Hassan A, Bayoum HM, Eissa HA (2010) The use of lemongrass extracts as antimicrobial and food additive potential in yoghurt. J Am Sci 6:582–594
Abdulazeez MA, Abdullahi AS, James BD (2016) Lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.). In: Preedy VR (ed) Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 509–516
Abegaz B, Yohannes PG, Dieter RK (1983) Constituents of the essential oil of Ethiopian Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. J Nat Prod 46:424–426. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50027a022
Adeneye AA, Agbaje EO (2007) Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of fresh leaf aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 112:440–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.034
Adhikari S, Bandopadhyay TK, Ghosh PD (2013) Assessment of genetic diversity of certain Indian elite clones of Cymbopogon species through RAPD analysis. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/16529. Accessed on 22 Feb 2018
Aftab K, Ali MD, Aijaz P et al (2011) Determination of different trace and essential element in lemon grass samples by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy technique. Int food Res J 18:265–270
Agbafor KN, Akubugwo EI (2007) Hypocholesterolaemic effect of ethanolic extract of fresh leaves of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass). Afr J Biotechnol 6:596
Akhila A (2010) Essential oil bearing plants: the genus Cymbopogon. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Alfa IM, Dahunsi SO, Iorhemen OT et al (2014) Comparative evaluation of biogas production from poultry droppings, cow dung and lemon grass. Bioresour Technol 157:270–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.108
Azeredo CMO, Soares MJ (2013) Combination of the essential oil constituents citral, eugenol and thymol enhance their inhibitory effect on Crithidia fasciculata and Trypanosoma cruzi growth. Rev Bras Farmacogn 23:762–768. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013000500007
Bajpai P (2016) Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Springer, Singapore, pp 17–70
Bankole SA, Joda AO, Ashidi JS (2005) The use of powder and essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus against mould deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of “egusi” melon seeds. J Basic Microbiol 45:20–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.200410435
Bassolé IHN, Lamien-Meda A, Bayala B et al (2011) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus essential oils alone and in combination. Phytomedicine 18:1070–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.009
Batubara I, Suparto IH, Sa’diah S et al (2015) Effects of inhaled citronella oil and related compounds on rat body weight and brown adipose tissue sympathetic nerve. Nutrients 7:1859–1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031859
Bekele LD, Zhang W, Liu Y et al (2017) Preparation and characterization of lemongrass fiber (Cymbopogon species) for reinforcing application in thermoplastic composites. BioResources 12:5664–5681
Belewu MA, El-Imam AMA, Adeyemi KD, Oladunjoye SA (2012) Eucalyptus oil and lemon grass oil: effect on chemical composition and shelf-life of soft cheese. Environ Nat Resour Res 2:114. https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v2n1p114
Bharti SK, Krishnan S, Kumar A et al (2013a) Antidiabetic activity and molecular docking of fructooligosaccharides produced by Aureobasidium pullulans in poloxamer-407-induced T2DM rats. Food Chem 136:813–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.083
Bharti SK, Kumar A, Prakash O et al (2013b) Essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus against diabetes: validation by in vivo experiments and computational studies. J Bioanal Biomed 5:194–203. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-593X.1000098
Blanco MM, Costa C, Freire AO et al (2009) Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. Phytomedicine 16:265–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.007
Blasi DV, Debrot S, Menound PA et al (1990) Amoebicidal effect of essential oils in vitro. J Toxicol Clin Expert 10:361–373
Bone K, Mills S (2013) Principles and practice of phytotherapy-e-book: modern herbal medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam
Boukhatem MN, Ferhat MA, Kameli A et al (2014) Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as a potent anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs. Libyan J Med 9:25431. https://doi.org/10.3402/ljm.v9.25431
Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L (1994) Aromatherapy—use of fragrances and essential oils as medicaments. Flavour Fragr J 9:217–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.2730090503
Burkhill IH (1966) Dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur
Carbajal D, Casaco A, Arruzazabala L et al (1989) Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 25:103–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90049-4
Carlini EA, Contar JDDP, Silva-Filho AR et al (1986) Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). I. Effects of teas prepared from the leaves on laboratory animals. J Ethnopharmacol 17:37–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90072-3
Carlson LHC, Machado RAF, Spricigo CB et al (2001) Extraction of lemongrass essential oil with dense carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 21:33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-8446(01)00085-7
Cheel J, Theoduloz C, Rodríguez J, Schmeda-Hirschmann G (2005) Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.). J Agric Food Chem 53:2511–2517. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0479766
Chen M, Zhang X, Liu C et al (2014) Approach to renewable lignocellulosic biomass film directly from bagasse. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:1164–1168
Chungsamarnvart N, Jiwajinda S (1992) A caricidal activity of volatile oil from lemon and citronella grasses on tropical cattle ticks. Kasetsart J Nat Sci 26:46–51
da Rauber CS, Guterres SS, Schapoval EES (2005) LC determination of citral in Cymbopogon citratus volatile oil. J Pharm Biomed Anal 37:597–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2004.10.042
Davis JB, Kay DE, Clark V et al (1983) Plants tolerant of arid, or semi-arid, conditions with non-food constituents of potential use. Tropical Products Institute, London
de Melo Junior EJM, Raposo MJ, Neto JAL et al (2002) Medicinal plants in the healing of dry socket in rats: microbiological and microscopic analysis. Phytomedicine 9:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00087
de Silveira SM, Júnior AC, Scheuermann GN et al (2012) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from selected herbs cultivated in the South of Brazil against food spoilage and foodborne pathogen. Ciênc Rural St Maria 42:1300–1306. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012000700026
Domínguez de María P (2014) Recent trends in (ligno) cellulose dissolution using neoteric solvents: switchable, distillable and bio-based ionic liquids. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 89:11–18
Dutt D, Sharma AK, Agnihotri S, Gautam A (2012) Characterization of dogs tooth grass and its delignification by soda pulping process. J Sci Technol 1:434–447
Ekpenyong CE, Akpan EE (2017) Use of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil in food preservation: recent advances and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57:2541–2559
Ekpenyong CE, Akpan E, Nyoh A (2015) Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf extracts. Chin J Nat Med 13:321–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(15)30023-6
Elangovan V, Sekar N, Govindasamy S (1994) Chemopreventive potential of dietary bioflavonoids against 20-methylcholanthrene-induced tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 87:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(94)90416-2
Evans WC (2009) Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. 16th edn. Elsevier, New York
Faruq MO (1994) TLC technique in the component characterization and quality determination of Bangladeshi lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.). Bangladesh J Sci Ind Res 29:27–38
Filipoy A (1994) Medicinal plants of the pilaga of central Chaco. J Ethnopharmacol 44:181–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)01185-0
Firdaus MYN, Osman H, Metselaar HSC, Rozyanty AR (2015) A simple method for the production of pure crystalline silica from lemon grass. BioResources 11:1270–1279
Firdaus MYN, Osman H, Metselaar HSC, Rozyanty AR (2016) Preparation and characterization of active SiO2 from Cymbopogon citratus ash calcined at different temperature. BioResources 11:2839–2849. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.1.2839-2849
Garg D, Muley A, Khare N, Marar T (2012) Comparative analysis of phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of some Indian culinary herbs. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 3:845–854
Gasser PJ, Lowry CA, Orchinik M (2006) Corticosterone-sensitive monoamine transport in the rat dorsomedial hypothalamus: potential role for organic cation transporter 3 in stress-induced modulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission. J Neurosci 26:8758–8766. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0570-06.2006
Gilling DH, Kitajima M, Torrey JR, Bright KR (2014) Mechanisms of antiviral action of plant antimicrobials against murine norovirus. Appl Environ Microbiol 80:4898–4910. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00402-14
Gobinath R, Ganapathy GP, Akinwumi II (2015) Evaluating the use of lemon grass roots for the reinforcement of a landslideaffected soil from Nilgris district, Tamil Nadu, India. J Mater Environ Sci 6:2681–2687
Guynot ME, Ramos AJ, Seto L et al (2003) Antifungal activity of volatile compounds generated by essential oils against fungi commonly causing deterioration of bakery products. J Appl Microbiol 94:893–899. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01927.x
Hanaa ARM, Sallam YI, El-Leithy AS, Aly SE (2012) Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as affected by drying methods. Ann Agric Sci 57:113–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2012.08.004
Hassan E (2016) Comparative study on the biosorption of Pb(II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) using Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus): kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics. Chem Int 2:89–102
Hindumathy CK (2011) In vitro antibacterial activity of lemongrass. ISSRI 5:164–168
Inouye S, Yamaguchi H, Takizawa T (2001) Screening of the antibacterial effects of a variety of essential oils on respiratory tract pathogens, using a modified dilution assay method. J Infect Chemother 7:251–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101560170022
Jha AK, Kumar U (2017) Studies on removal of heavy metals by cymbopogon flexuosus. Int J Agric Environ Biotechnol 10:89. https://doi.org/10.5958/2230-732X.2017.00017.1
John D (1984) One hundred useful raw drugs of the Kani tribes of Trivandrum forest division, Kerala, India. Int J Crude Drug Res 22:17–39. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880208409070646
Joy PP, Skaria BP, Mathew S et al (2006) Lemongrass. Aromatic and medicinal plants research station, Odakkali
Kamoga OLM, Kirabira JB, Byaruhanga JK (2015) The potential of Cymbopogon nardus in the production of pulp for paper industry. In: International conference on computing, mechanical and electronics engineering, Singapore, pp 9–10
Karbach J, Ebenezer S, Warnke PH et al (2015) Antimicrobial effect of Australian antibacterial essential oils as alternative to common antiseptic solutions against clinically relevant oral pathogens. Clin Lab 61:61–68
Kaur H, Dutt D (2013) Anatomical, morphological and chemical characterization of lignocellulose by-products of lemon and sofia grasses obtained after recuperation of essential oils by steam distillation. Cellul Chem Technol 47:83–94
Kishore N, Mishra AK, Chansouria JPN (1993) Fungitoxicity of essential oils against dermatophytes. Mycoses 36:211–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1993.tb00753.x
Koo B-S, Park K-S, Ha J-H et al (2003) Inhibitory effects of the fragrance inhalation of essential oil from Acorus gramineus on central nervous system. Biol Pharm Bull 26:978–982. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.26.978
Kumar J, Verma V, Goyal A et al (2009) Genetic diversity analysis in Cymbopogon species using DNA markers. Plant Omics 2:20
Kumari R, Agrawal SB, Sarkar A (2009) Evaluation of changes in oil cells and composition of essential oil in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.) due to supplemental ultraviolet-B irradiation. Curr Sci 97:1137–1142
Lee LY, Lee XJ, Chia PC et al (2014) Utilisation of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) as biosorbent for the sequestration of nickel ions from aqueous solution: equilibrium, kinetic, thermodynamics and mechanism studies. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45:1764–1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.02.002
Leite J, Maria De Lourdes VS, Maluf E et al (1986) Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. J Ethnopharmacol 17:75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90074-7
Lertsatitthanakorn P, Taweechaisupapong S, Aromdee C, Khunkitti W (2006) In vitro bioactivities of essential oils used for acne control. Int J Aromather 16:43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijat.2006.01.006
Li X, Ye J, Chen J et al (2015) Dissolution of wheat straw with aqueous NaOH/Urea solution. Fibers Polym 16:2368
Lima R, das Cardoso GM, Moraes J et al (2009) Composição dos óleos essenciais de Anis-estrelado Illicium verum L. e de Capim-limão Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf: Avaliação do efeito repelente sobre Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)(Hemiptera: Aphididae). BioAssay. https://doi.org/10.14295/BA.v3.0.56
Liu Y, Liu Y, Dai Y et al (2003) Enteric disposition and recycling of flavonoids and ginkgo flavonoids. J Altern Complement Med 9:631–640. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555303322524481
Locksley HD, Fayez MBE, Radwan AS et al (1982) Constituents of local plants. Planta Med 45:20–22
Lorenzetti BB, Souza GEP, Sarti SJ et al (1991) Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. J Ethnopharmacol 34:43–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90187-I
Madakadze IC, Radiotis T, Li J et al (1999) Kraft pulping characteristics and pulp properties of warm season grasses. Bioresour Technol 69:75–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00131-X
Madakadze IC, Masamvu TM, Radiotis T et al (2010) Evaluation of pulp and paper making characteristics of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Afr J Environ Sci Technol 4:465–470
Madhu P, Livingston TS, Kanagasabapathy H (2017) Flash pyrolysis of lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) for bio-oil production in an electrically heated fluidized bed reactor. Waste Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-9872-6
Maia AJ, Oliveira JSB, Schwan-Estrada KRF et al (2014) The control of isariopsis leaf spot and downy mildew in grapevine cv. Isabel with the essential oil of lemon grass and the activity of defensive enzymes in response to the essential oil. Crop Prot 63:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.05.005
Mansour HA, Newairy A-SA, Yousef MI, Sheweita SA (2002) Biochemical study on the effects of some Egyptian herbs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Toxicology 170:221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(01)00555-8
Melo GEM, López KF, Méndez GL (2015) Microencapsulación de aceite esencial de tomillo (Thymus vulgaris) en matrices poliméricas de almidón de ñame (Dioscorea rotundata) modificado. Rev Colomb Ciencias Químico Farm 44:189. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcciquifa.v44n2.56293
Miean KH, Mohamed S (2001) Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants. J Agric Food Chem 49:3106–3112. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000892m
Mirghani MES, Liyana Y, Parveen J (2012) Bioactivity analysis of lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) essential oil. Int Food Res J 19:569–575
Mishra AK, Dubey NK (1994) Evaluation of some essential oils for their toxicity against fungi causing deterioration of stored food commodities. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1101–1105
Moleyar V, Narasimham P (1992) Antibacterial activity of essential oil components. Int J Food Microbiol 16:337–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(92)90035-2
Moore-Neibel K, Gerber C, Patel J et al (2012) Antimicrobial activity of lemongrass oil against Salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens. J Appl Microbiol 112:485–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05222.x
Mosquera T (2016) Biological activity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf and its potential cosmetic activities. Int J Phytocosmetics Nat Ingred. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijpni.2016.07
Mueller-Oerlinghausen B, Ngamwathana W, Kanchanapee P (1971) Investigation into Thai medicinal plants said to cure diabetes. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet 54:105
Mumtaz MS, Khan NA, Rehman A, Jabbar A (2016) Production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) on different agriculture wastes combination with lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus). Pak J Phytopathol 28:71–74
Murmu SB, Mishra HN (2018) The effect of edible coating based on Arabic gum, sodium caseinate and essential oil of cinnamon and lemon grass on guava. Food Chem 245:820–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.104
Naik MI, Fomda BA, Jaykumar E, Bhat JA (2010) Antibacterial activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil against some selected pathogenic bacterias. Asian Pac J Trop Med 3:535–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(10)60129-0
Negrelle RRB, Gomes EC (2007) Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf: chemical composition and biological activities. Rev Bras Pl Med 9:80–92
Oakenfull D, Sidhu GS (1990) Could saponins be a useful treatment for hypercholesterolaemia? Eur J Clin Nutr 44:79–88
Olaniyi AA, Sofowora EA, Oguntimehin BO (1975) Phytochemical investigation of some nigerian plants used against fevers. II. Cymbopogon citratus. Planta Med 28:186–189. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1097851
Oloyede OI (2009) Chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. J Nat Prod 2:98–103
Omoba OS, Onyekwere U (2016) Postharvest physicochemical properties of cucumber fruits (Cucumber sativus L) treated with chitosan-lemon grass extracts under different storage durations. Afr J Biotechnol 15:2758–2766
Onawunmi GO, Yisak W-A, Ogunlana EO (1984) Antibacterial constituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. J Ethnopharmacol 12:279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(84)90057-6
Pahkala K, Paavilainen L, Mela T (1999) Grass species as raw material for pulp and paper [electronic publication]. In: Buchanan-Smith JG, Bailey LD, McCaughey P (eds) Proceedings of the XVIII international grassland congress, 8–17 June 1997, Winnipeg and Saskatoon, Canada [CD-ROM]. Volume III-invited papers and opening and closing sessions
Pandharipande SL, Katekhaye S (2017) Synthesis and characterization of biocomposite films using chitosan, CMC, starch and essential oils. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 6:12557–12566
Paranagama PA, Abeysekera KHT, Abeywickrama K, Nugaliyadde L (2003) Fungicidal and anti-aflatoxigenic effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (lemongrass) against Aspergillus flavus Link. isolated from stored rice. Lett Appl Microbiol 37:86–90. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765X.2003.01351.x
Pattnaik S, Subramanyam VR, Bapaji M, Kole CR (1997) Antibacterial and antifungal activity of aromatic constituents of essential oils. Microbios 89:39–46
Pedroso RB, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD et al (2007) Biological activities of essential oil obtained from Cymbopogon citratus on Crithidia deanei. Acta Protozool 45:231
Pereira RP, Fachinetto R, de Souza PA et al (2009) Antioxidant effects of different extracts from Melissa officinalis, Matricaria recutita and Cymbopogon citratus. Neurochem Res 34:973–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-008-9861-z
Pierson Y, Bobbink F, Yan N (2013) Alcohol mediated liquefaction of lignocellulosic materials: a mini review. Chem Eng Process Tech 1:1014
Quisumbing E (1951) Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Philippine Islands Technical Bulletin
Rahman MZ, Ali MA, Hossain MS et al (2014) Effect of lemon grass (Cymbopogen citratus) extract on seed health of rice. Bangladesh Rice J 17:105–108. https://doi.org/10.3329/brj.v17i1-2.20904
Ranade SS, Thiagarajan P (2015) Lemon Grass. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 35:162–167
Rao RR, Jamir NS (1982) Ethnobotanical studies in Nagaland. I. Medicinal plants. Econ Bot 36:176–181
Ravinder K, Pawan K, Gaurav S et al (2010) Pharmacognostical investigation of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. Der Pharm Lett 2:181–189
Raybaudi-Massilia RM, Mosqueda-Melgar J, Martin-Belloso O (2006) Antimicrobial activity of essential oils on Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria innocua in fruit juices. J Food Prot 69:1579–1586. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-69.7.1579
Rehman A, Muqbool R, Alam MW, Mehboob S (2016) Exploration of ethanolic extracts of parthenium and lemon grass for management of citrus scab (Elsinoe fawcettii). Pak J Phytopathol 28:101–106
Revathi K, Kumar CK, Thamizhavahan K (2012) Combined antimicrobial activity of lemon grass oil and Tulasi oil. Int J Preclin Pharm Res 3:79–81
Robbins SRJ (1983) Selected markets for the essential oils of lemongrass, citronella and eucalyptus. Tropical Products Institute, London
Saleem M, Afza N, Anwar MA et al (2003a) Chemistry and biological significance of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus from Pakistan. Nat Prod Res 17:159–163
Saleem M, Afza N, Anwar MA et al (2003b) A comparative study of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and some members of the genus Citrus. Nat Prod Res 17:369–373
Saraí B-PA, Martha S-R, Mirna R-R et al (2006) ¿ Es el estrés oxidativo la causa del envejecimiento? Bioquimia 31:113
Sarer E, Scheffer JJ, Baerheim SA (1983) Composition of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf cultivated in Turkey. Sci Pharm 51:58–63
Seth G, Kokate CK, Varma KC (1976) Effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. on central nervous system. Indian J Exp Biol 14(3):370–371
Sforcin JM, Amaral JT, Fernandes A Jr et al (2009) Lemongrass effects on IL-1β and IL-6 production by macrophages. Nat Prod Res 23:1151–1159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410902800681
Shah G, Shri R, Panchal V et al (2011) Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemon grass). J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2:3. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.79796
Singh H (2014) Removal of methylene blue using lemon grass ash as an adsorbent. Carbon Lett 15:105–112. https://doi.org/10.5714/CL.2014.15.2.105
Singh K, Jha A (2008) Medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation in Bihar, India: economic potential and condition for adoption (April 8, 2008). SSRN Elect J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2213308
Skaria BP, Joy PP, Mathew S, Mathew G (2006) Lemongrass. In: Peter KV (ed) Handbook of herbs and spices, 3rd edn. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, pp 400–419
Smith RL, Cohen SM, Doull J et al (2005) GRAS flavoring substances 22. Food Technol 59:24–62
Sobh M, Moussawi M-A, Rammal W et al (2014) Removal of lead (II) ions from waste water by using Lebanese Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon Grass) Stem as adsorbent. Am J Phytomed Clin Ther 2:1070–1080
Souza FML, Lodder HM, Gianotti FO et al (1986) Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). II. Effects of daily two month administration in male and female rats and in offspring exposed “in utero”. J Ethnopharmacol 17:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90073-5
Souza MC, Siani AC, Ramos MFS et al (2003) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from two Asteraceae species. Die Pharm Int J Pharm Sci 58:582–586
Spring MA (1989) Ethnopharmacologic analysis of medicinal plants used by Laotian Hmong refugees in Minnesota. J Ethnopharmacol 26:65–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90114-1
Srivastava K, Shringi N, Devra V, Rani A (2013) Pure silica extraction from perlite: its characterization and affecting factors. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 2:2936–2942
Suaeyun R, Kinouchi T, Arimochi H et al (1997) Inhibitory effects of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) on formation of azoxymethane-induced DNA adducts and aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Carcinogenesis 18:949–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.5.949
Suhr KI, Nielsen PV (2003) Antifungal activity of essential oils evaluated by two different application techniques against rye bread spoilage fungi. J Appl Microbiol 94:665–674. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01896.x
Suresh M, Raj RK (1990) Cardol: the antifilarial principle from Anacardium occidentale. Curr Sci 59:477–479
Tadtong S, Watthanachaiyingcharoen R, Kamkaen N (2014) Antimicrobial constituents and synergism effect of the essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Alpinia galanga. Nat Prod Commun 9:277–280
Tangpu V, Yadav AK (2006) Antidiarrhoeal activity of Cymbopogon citratus and its main constituent, citral. Pharmacologyonline 2:290–298
Tayeboon GS, Tavakoli F, Hassani S et al (2013) Effects of Cymbopogon citratus and Ferula assa-foetida extracts on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Vitr Cell Dev Biol 49:706–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-013-9656-7
Tchoumbougnang F, Zollo PHA, Dagne E, Mekonnen Y (2005) In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Planta Med 71:20–23
Tiwari MR, Shah B, Jha AK, Sah MP (2017) Lemon grass oil feeding in relation to growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. Nepal J Agric Sci 15:67
Tognolini M, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V et al (2006) Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sci 78:1419–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.020
Trindade LA, de Araújo OJ, de Castro RD, de Oliveira LE (2015) Inhibition of adherence of C. albicans to dental implants and cover screws by Cymbopogon nardus essential oil and citronellal. Clin Oral Investig 19:2223–2231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1450-3
Tyagi AK, Gottardi D, Malik A, Guerzoni ME (2014) Chemical composition, in vitro anti-yeast activity and fruit juice preservation potential of lemon grass oil. LWT-Food Sci Technol 57:731–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2014.02.004
Tzortzakis NG, Economakis CD (2007) Antifungal activity of lemongrass (Cympopogon citratus L.) essential oil against key postharvest pathogens. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 8:253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2007.01.002
Viana GSB, Vale TG, Pinho RSN, Matos FJA (2000) Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 70:323–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00168-3
Vinitketkumnuen U, Lertprasertsuk N (1997) P XVII B. 29-P XVII B. 29 Inductive and suppressive effects of crude lemongrass on phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Mutat Res Mol Mech Mutagen 379:S179
Vinitketkumnuen U, Puatanachokchai R, Kongtawelert P et al (1994) Antimutagenicity of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) to various known mutagens in salmonella mutation assay. Mutat Res Toxicol 341:71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(94)90025-6
Wannissorn B, Jarikasem S, Soontorntanasart T (1996) Antifungal activity of lemon grass oil and lemon grass oil cream. Phyther Res 10:551–554. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199611)10:7%3c551:AID-PTR1908%3e3.0.CO;2-Q
Wannissorn B, Jarikasem S, Siriwangchai T, Thubthimthed S (2005) Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants. Fitoterapia 76:233–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2004.12.009
Xaio P (1983) Recent developments on medicinal plants in China. J Ethnopharmacol 7:95–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90083-1
Yang S (2008) Plant fiber chemistry. China Light Industry Press, Beijing
Yaskawa K, Takido M, Takeuchi M et al (1990) Inhibitory effects of flavonol glycoside on 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-Induced tumor promotion. Chem Pharm Bull 38:774–776. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.38.774
Yongtian C, Mengyu C, Xiangyu C (2015) Preparation method of cymbopogon citratus handmade soap. China Patent No. CN104862130A (30 May 2015). https://patents.google.com/patent/CN104862130A/en
Yuhua Z, Xuanming L, Hongdong L et al (2014) Cymbopogon citratus fragrance-producing endophytic bacterium. China Patent No. CN104195063A (20 Jun 2014). https://patents.google.com/patent/CN104195063A/en
Zheng GQ, Kenney PM, Lam LKT (1993) Potential anticarcinogenic natural products isolated from lemongrass oil and galanga root oil. J Agric Food Chem 41:153–156. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00026a001
Zuo X, Balasubramanian R, Fu D, Li H (2012) Biosorption of copper, zinc and cadmium using sodium hydroxide immersed Cymbopogon schoenanthus L. Spreng (lemon grass). Ecol Eng 49:186–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2012.08.027
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the Ph.D. scholarship support from Deakin University for the first author of this paper. Thanks to Dr. Jane Allardyce (Deakin University) for proofreading the draft.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Haque, A.N.M.A., Remadevi, R. & Naebe, M. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon): a review on its structure, properties, applications and recent developments. Cellulose 25, 5455–5477 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1965-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1965-2