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Red yeasts and carotenoid production: outlining a future for non-conventional yeasts of biotechnological interest

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Abstract

Carotenoids are one of the most common classes of pigments that occur in nature. Due to their biological properties, they are widely used in phytomedicine and in the chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and feed industries. Accordingly, their global market is continuously growing, and it is expected to reach about US$1.4 billion in 2018. Carotenoids can be easily produced by chemical synthesis, although their biotechnological production is rapidly becoming an appealing alternative to the chemical route, partly due to consumer concerns against synthetic pigments. Among the yeasts, and apart from the pigmented species Phaffia rhodozyma (and its teleomorph Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), a handful of species of the genera Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces and Sporidiobolus are well known carotenoid producers. These are known as ‘red yeasts’, and their ability to synthesize mixtures of carotenoids from low-cost carbon sources has been broadly studied recently. Here, in agreement with the renewed interest in microbial carotenoids, the recent literature is reviewed regarding the taxonomy of the genera Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces and Sporidiobolus, the stress factors that influence their carotenogenesis, and the most advanced analytical tools for evaluation of carotenoid production. Moreover, a synopsis of the molecular and “-omic” tools available for elucidation of the metabolic pathways of the microbial carotenoids is reported.

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Acknowledgments

This study was partially supported by Regione Autonoma della Sardegna (LR7/07-2010; grant to I.M. and fellowship to S.L.). The authors are grateful to Benedetta Turchetti for valuable help in drawing the phylogenetic tree of red yeasts.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari, Italy

    Ilaria Mannazzu & Sara Landolfo

  2. Unidade de Bioenergia, Laboratorio Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, Lisbon, Portugal

    Teresa Lopes da Silva

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Collezione dei Lieviti Industriali (DBVPG), Università di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy

    Pietro Buzzini

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  1. Ilaria Mannazzu
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  2. Sara Landolfo
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Correspondence to Ilaria Mannazzu.

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Mannazzu, I., Landolfo, S., da Silva, T.L. et al. Red yeasts and carotenoid production: outlining a future for non-conventional yeasts of biotechnological interest. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 31, 1665–1673 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-015-1927-x

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