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Fungicide resistance of Botrytis cinerea in tomato greenhouses in the Canary Islands and effectiveness of non-chemical treatments against gray mold

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Abstract

Tomato greenhouses in the Canary Islands, Spain, were surveyed to estimate frequencies of resistance to benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, anilinopyrimidines and N-phenylcarbamates in Botrytis cinerea. Resistance to carbendazim, iprodione, pyrimethanil and diethofencarb was found in 74.2, 86.4, 28.8 and 31.8 % of isolates, respectively. Benzimidazole- and anilinopyrimide-resistant isolates were highly resistant, showing EC50 values above 500 µg/ml carbendazim and a mean EC50 value of 28.42 µg/ml pyrimethanil, respectively. By contrast, a low level of resistance was observed among dicarboximide-resistant isolates (mean EC50 value of 1.81 µg/ml iprodione). Phenotypes with double resistance to carbendazim and iprodione, and triple resistance to carbendazim, iprodione and pyrimethanil were the most common, occurring in 36.4 and 28.8 % of isolates. The surveyed greenhouses had never been treated with fenhexamid and Signum™ (pre-packed mixture of boscalid and pyraclostrobin), and baseline sensitivities of B. cinerea isolates to these fungicides were determined. The EC50 values were within the range of 0.009–0.795 µg/ml fenhexamid and of 0.014–0.48 µg/ml Signum. In addition, available formulations based on elicitors of plant defense response and biocontrol agents were evaluated against B. cinerea in tomato plants under semi-controlled greenhouse conditions, the yeast Candida sake CPA-1 being able to reduce gray mold significantly when it was applied on petiole wounds and the plants were inoculated 24 h later. Likewise, C. sake was effective against B. cinerea in harvested tomato fruits, yeast-treated tomatoes showed a 70.66 and 30.31 % reduction in the diameters of decay lesions compared with controls after 10 days of storage at 20 and 9 °C, respectively.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Project RTA 2006-00184 (Programa Nacional de Recursos y Tecnologías Agroalimentarias, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain). The authors thank the Cooperativa Agrícola Coagisora for technical support in sampling tomato greenhouses, and to Capa Ecosystems (Spain) and Sipcam Inagra (Spain) for providing the products assayed.

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  1. Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

    A. Rodríguez

  2. Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad Agrícola de Tenerife, Cabildo de Tenerife, Ctra. Gral. Tacoronte-Tejina, 38350, Tacoronte, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

    A. Acosta

  3. Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Apdo. 60, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

    C. Rodríguez

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  1. A. Rodríguez
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  3. C. Rodríguez
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Correspondence to A. Rodríguez.

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Rodríguez, A., Acosta, A. & Rodríguez, C. Fungicide resistance of Botrytis cinerea in tomato greenhouses in the Canary Islands and effectiveness of non-chemical treatments against gray mold. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 30, 2397–2406 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-014-1665-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-014-1665-5

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