Abstract
Pulp and paper industries face serious environmental challenges, especially with regard to the conservation of water resources. Chemical thermal mechanical pulping (CTMP) is a process of pulping that combines chemical and mechanical pulping. This reduces the volume of water used in the process. But on the other hand, CTMP generates an effluent with high concentration of organic matter and is difficult to treat. This study evaluated the efficiency in the combination of physicochemical pretreatment by coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation (CFS) process and advanced oxidation process (AOP) by Fenton in sequence to treat CTMP effluent of a Brazilian industry. At first, the best treatment conditions for this type of effluent were determined. To evaluate the efficiency, pH, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, lignin contents, color, total phenolic contents, turbidity, and solids were measured before and after treatment. The acute toxicity on Daphnia magna was also determined. The treatment with CFS showed better results in the removal of solids and Fenton in the removal of recalcitrant compounds, such as lignin, demonstrating the need to use them in sequence. Combining CFS and Fenton to treat CTMP effluent allowed to achieve a removal efficiency of 95% for TOC, 61% for COD, and 76% for lignin contents.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ABNT (2016). Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. NBR 12713. Ecotoxicologia aquática-Toxicidade aguda-Método de ensaio com Daphnia spp (Crustacea, Cladocera).
APHA. (2012). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (23nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environmental Federation.
Araujo, A. L. P., Cossich, E. S., & Tavares, C. R. G. (2009). Remoção de DQO de Efluente de Indústria de Celulose e Papel empregando Reagente Fenton. Scientia Plena, 5(7), 1–9.
Burkholder, J. B., & Mckeen, S. (1997). UV absorption cross sections for SO3. Geophysical Research Letters. https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL03255.
Çeçen, F. (2003). The use of UV-VIS measurements in the determination of biological treatability of pulp bleaching effluents. 7th International Water Association Symposium on Forest Industry Wastewaters, Seattle, Washington, USA, June 1-4, 2003. [International Water Association, Seattle, WA, USA].
Chamorro, S., Xavier, C. R., Hernández, V., Becerra, J., & Vidal, G. (2010). Aerobic removal of stigmasterol contained in Kraft mill effluents. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol12-issue2-fulltext-9.
Garg, A., Mishra, I. M., & Chand, S. (2010). Effectiveness of coagulation e acid precipitation processes for the pre-treatment of diluted black liquor. Journal of Hazardous Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.008.
Ibá (2017). Report 2017: Brazilian Tree Industry. http://iba.org/images/shared/Biblioteca/IBA_RelatorioAnual2017.pdf. Accessed 12 March 2017.
Kamali, M., & Khodaparast, Z. (2015). Review on recent developments on pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.005.
Karimi, S., Abdulkhani, A., Ghazali, A. H. B., Ahmadun, F., & Karimi, A. (2009). Color remediation of chemimechanical pulping effluent using combination of enzymatic treatment and Fenton reaction. Desalination. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.02.067.
Liu, T., He, Z., Hu, H., & Ni, Y. (2011). Treatment of APMP pulping effluent based on aerobic fermentation with Aspergillus niger e post-coagulation/flocculation. Bioresource Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.047.
Lundquist, K., Parkås, J., Paulsson, M., & Heitner, C. (2007). Reactions of lignin chromophores of the enal and enone with sulfite. Bioresources, 2(3), 334–350.
Nogueira, R. F. P., Trovó, A. G., Silva, M. R. A., Villa, R. D., & Oliveira, M. C. (2005). Fundamentos e aplicações ambientais dos processos fenton e foto-fenton. Química Nova. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000200030.
Orrego, R., Guchardi, J., Hernandez, V., Krause, R., Roti, L., Armour, J., Ganeshakumar, M., & Holdway, D. (2009). Pulp and paper mill effluent treatments have differential endocrine-disrupting effects on rainbow trout. Environmental Toxicology Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1897/08-191.1.
Pokhrel, D., & Viraraghavan, T. (2004). Treatment of pulp e paper mill wastewater—a review. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.05.017.
Rodrigues, A. C., Boroski, M., Shimada, N. S., Garcia, J. C., Nozaki, J., & Hioka, N. (2008). Treatment of pulp e paper mill wastewater by coagulation-flocculation followed by heterogeneous photocatalysis. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.07.007.
Santos, E.; Pereira, P.B.; Dias, J.L.R.; Rosito, M.P.; Zimmer, C.; Barros A.L. (2010). Uso do sistema Fenton para redução de carga orgânica do efluente hídrico de indústria de celulose. In: 43° Pulp and Paper International Congress & Exhibition, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Sixta, H. (2006). Handbook of pulp. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & CO. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527619887.
Stephenson, R. J., & Duff, S. J. B. (1996). Coagulation and precipitation of a mechanical pulping effluent—I. Removal of carbon, color and turbidity. Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00213-8.
Žarković, D. B., Todorović, Ž. N., & Rajaković, L. V. (2011). Simple and cost-effective measures for the improvement of paper mill effluent treatment—a case study. Journal of a Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.11.015.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the colleagues from these institutions who provided expertise that greatly assisted the research and this manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by the Federal University of Technology-Paraná, Andritz Brazil LTDA and Klabin S/A.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grötzner, M., Melchiors, E., Schroeder, L.H. et al. Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Treated by Combining Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation and Fenton Processes. Water Air Soil Pollut 229, 364 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4017-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-4017-5