Abstract
Excess presence of nitrogen and phosphorous, two fundamental prerequisites for plant photosynthesis, in water can cause noteworthy problems such as eutrophication and health issues for humans. Hence, efforts have been made to find solutions decreasing their concentrations. In addition to methods such as ion exchange, air stripping and breakpoint chlorination for nitrogen removal, and coagulantion-flocculation for phosphorous removal, biological methods for nutrient removal have also been used. In this chapter the following three categories will be discussed: nitrogen removal processes, phosphorous removal processes, and combined nitrogen/phosphorous removal processes. The basic concept of biological nitrogen removal processes relies on nitrification and denitrification which are two major steps in the nitrogen cycle. A biological nitrogen removal process should normally consist of at least one aerobic and one anoxic reactor. The Modified Ludzack and Ettinger (MLE) process and the Bardenpho process are two biological nitrogen removal processes. Biological phosphorus removal (BPR) depends on the incorporation of phosphorus into cell biomass and subsequent phosphorus removal by sludge wasting. BPR processes generally consist of an anaerobic reactor followed by anoxic or aerobic reactors such as the A/O (anaerobic/aerobic) and PhoStrip processes. Biological combined nitrogen/phosphorous removal processes contain all the three main biological conditions (aerobic, anaerobic and anoxic conditions). The A2/O (anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic) and the modified Bardenpho processes remove both nitrogen and phosphorous simultaneously.
The modified Bardenpho process is a biological process which provides special conditions for both nitrogen and phosphorous removal. This system consists of five distinct reactors which are respectively: anaerobic reactor, first anoxic reactor, first aerobic reactor, second anoxic reactor, and second aerobic reactor. Each reactor provides appropriate conditions to play its special role in the removal of wastewater impurities. Also, each reactor has specific conditions such as pH and temperature. The modified Bardenpho process’s performance in the removal of nitrogen and phosphorous is respectively excellent and good.
Since the modified Bardenpho process has five distinct bioreactors and every reactor has specific functions and required conditions, there are some critical parameters in designing the process. These parameters are nutrient removal establishment, chemical oxygen demand and nutrient ratio, hydraulic retention time, sludge retention time, recycling ratio, temperature, pH and bubble size. These parameters play specific roles in the modified Bardenpho process’s efficiency in removing wastewater impurities and should be optimized.
Due to the utilization of five biological stages in the modified Bardenpho process, not only does the modified Bardenpho process remove nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently as its main function, but it also has other benefits such as reducing chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, heavy metals and viruses.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Arden E, Lockett WT (1914) Experiments on the oxidation of sewage without the aid of filters. J Soc Chem Ind 33:523–534
Austin D, Nivala J (2009) Energy requirements for nitrification and biological nitrogen removal in engineered wetlands. Ecological engineering, 35(2):184–192
Barnard J (1973) Biological Denitrification. Water Pollut Control 72:705–720
Barnard JL (1974) Cut P and N without chemicals. Water Wastes Engr Part 1, 11(7):33–36; part 2, 11(8):41–44
Blount BC et al (2009) Urinary perchlorate and thyroid hormone levels in adolescent and adult men and women living in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 114(2):1865–1871
Borner C, Trubenbach R (2017) Biological water treatment: MBBR IFAS technology. Filtration & Separation, 54(5):36–38
Chelliapan PJ, Sallis S (2010) Performance of an up-flow anaerobic packed bed reactor system treating pharmaceutical wastewater. In: Proceedings of international conference on biology, environment and chemistry (ICBEC 2010)
Chislock MF et al (2013) Eutrophication: causes, consequences, and controls in aquatic ecosystems. Nat. Educ. Knowl. 4(4):10
Comeau Y et al (1986) Biochemical model for enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Water Res 20(12):1511–1521
Comeau Y et al (1987) Phosphate release and uptake in enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. J Water Pollut Control Fed 59:707–715
Dabi N (2015) Comparison of suspended growth and attached growth wastewater treatment process: a case study of wastewater treatment plant at MNIT, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Eur J Adv Eng Technol 2(2):102–105
Dodds WK et al (2008) Eutrophication of US freshwaters: analysis of potential economic damages. Environ Sci Technol 43:12–19
Emara MM et al (2014) Biological nutrient removal in Bardenpho process. J Am Sci 10(5s):1–9
Filipe CD, Grady Jr, CL (1998) Biological wastewater treatment, revised and expanded. Crc Press
Fuhs GW, Chen M (1975) Microbiological basis of phosphate removal in the activated sludge process for the treatment of wastewater. Microb Ecol 2(2):119–138
Galloway JN et al (2008) Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science 320(5878):889–892
Gatseva P, Argirova MD (2008) High nitrate levels in drinking water may be a risk factor for thyroid dysfunction in children and pregnant women living in rural Bulgarian areas. Int J Hyg Environ Health 211(5–6):555–559
Grady CPL Jr et al (2011) Biological wastewater treatment. In: CRC press
Hampel R et al (2003) No influence of urinary nitrate excretion on the goitre prevalence in Germany. Med Klin (Munich) 98(10):547–555. (in German)
Horn H, Reiff H, Morgenroth E (2003) Simulation of growth and detachment in biofilm systems under defined hydrodynamic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 81(5):607–617
Hunault CC et al (2007) Effects of sub-chronic nitrate exposure on the thyroidal function in humans. Toxicol Lett 175(1–3):64–70
Imai I, Yamaguchi M, Hori Y (2006) Eutrophication and occurrences of harmful algal blooms in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Plankton Benthos Res 1(2):71–84
Jenkins BAM, Sanders D (2012) Introduction to fixed-film bio-reactors for decentralized wastewater treatment. Contech, Engineered Solutions
Jeyanayagam S (2005) True confessions of the biological nutrient removal process. Fla Water Resour J 1:37–46
Kayser R (2005) Activated sludge process. Environmental Biotechnology Concepts and Applications, Weinheim, Germany
Kessler B, Witholt B (2001) Factors involved in the regulatory network of polyhydroxyalkanoate metabolism. Journal of biotechnology, 86(2):97–104
Koops H-P, Pommerening-Röser A (2001) Distribution and ecophysiology of the nitrifying bacteria emphasizing cultured species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 37(1):1–9
Kumar A et al (2009) Bacterial dynamics of biofilm development during toluene degradation by Burkholderia vietnamiensis G4 in a gas phase membrane bioreactor. J Microbiol Biotechnol 19(9):1028–1033
Kyung D et al (2015) Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from a hybrid wastewater treatment plant. J Clean Prod 95:117–123
Lee FG, Rast W, Jones RA (1978) Eutrophication of water bodies: insights for an age-old problem: new information enables water quality managers to predict reliably water quality changes that result from various phosphate control management practices. Environment Science & Technology, 12, 6
Lee SE, Kim KS, Ahn JH, Kim CW (1997) Comparison of phosphorus removal characteristics between various biological nutrient removal processes. Water Science and Technology, 36(12):61–68
Levin GV, Shapiro J (1965) Metabolic uptake of phosphorus by wastewater organisms. J Water Pollut Control Fed 37:800–821
Linden KG, Hawkins JM, Bonislawsky MP (2001) Evaluation of Performance and Operatonal Costs for Three Biological Nutrient Removal Schemes At a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant. Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina
Liu W, Qiu R (2007) Water eutrophication in China and the combating strategies. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 82(9):781–786
Ludzack FJ, Ettinger MB (1962) Controlled operation to minimize activated sludge effluent nitrogen. J Water Pollut Control Fed 34(9):920–931
Mamais D, Jenkins D (1992) The effects of MCRT and temperature on enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Water Science and Technology, 26(5–6):955–965
Mino T, Van Loosdrecht MCM, Heijnen JJ (1998) Microbiology and biochemistry of the enhanced biological phosphate removal process. Water Res 32(11):3193–3207
Moore GT (2010) Nutrient control design manual. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development
Mulkerrins D, Dobson ADW, Colleran E (2004) Parameters affecting biological phosphate removal from wastewaters. Environ Int 30(2):249–259
World Health Organization (2011) Nitrate and nitrite in drinking-water: background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality. Revised and Expanded
Oldham WK, Stevens GM (1984) Initial operating experiences of a nutrient removal process (modified Bardenpho) at Kelowna, British Columbia. Can J Civ Eng 11(3):474–479
Ontiveros GA, Campanella EA (2013) Environmental performance of biological nutrient removal processes from a life cycle perspective. Bioresource technology, 150:506–512
Patel J, Nakhla G, Margaritis A (2005) Optimization of biological nutrient removal in a membrane bioreactor system. J Environ Eng 131(7):1021–1029
Puig S, Corominas L, Balaguer MD, Colprim J (2007) Biological nutrient removal by applying SBR technology in small wastewater treatment plants: carbon source and C/N/P ratio effects. Water science and technology, 55(7):135–141
Radikova Z et al (2008) Possible effects of environmental nitrates and toxic organochlorines on human thyroid in highly polluted areas of Slovakia. Thyroid 18(3):353–362
Randall CW, Barnard JL, David Stensel H (eds) (1998) Design and retrofit of wastewater treatment plants for biological nutritient removal, Technomic publishing company, vol 5. CRC Press
Rusten B, Eikebrokk B, Ulgenes Y, Lygren E (2006) Design and operations of the Kaldnes moving bed biofilm reactors. Aquacultural engineering, 34(3):322–331
Sakuma M (2005) A2O process introduced to 7 WWTPs in regional sewerage office, Tokyo. Proc Water Environ Fed 2005(16):604–605
Sawyer CN, Bradney L (1945) Rising of activated sludge in final settling tanks. Sewage Works J 17:1191–1209
Schindler DW (1974) Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes: implications for lake management. Science 184(4139):897–899
Schmitz BW (2016) Reduction of enteric pathogens and indicator microorganisms in the environment and treatment processes. The University of Arizocna
Seviour RJ, Mino T, Onuki M (2003) The microbiology of biological phosphorus removal in activated sludge systems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 27(1):99–127
Sidat M, Bux F, Kasan HC (1999) Polyphosphate accumulation by bacteria isolated from activated sludge. Water SA 25(2):175–179
Smolders GJF et al (1994) Model of the anaerobic metabolism of the biological phosphorus removal process: stoichiometry and pH influence. Biotechnol Bioeng 43(6):461–470
Spector ML (1979) US Patent 4,162,153, 24 July
Stanier RY, Adelberg EA, Ingraham JL (1976) The microbial world, 4th edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Stein LY, Klotz MG (2016) The nitrogen cycle. Current Biology, 26(3):R94–R98
Tanyi AO (2006) Comparison of chemical and biological phosphorus removal in wastewater–a modelling approach (Doctoral dissertation, Master’s thesis. Water and Environmental Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering Lund University, Sweden)
Tomlinson TG, Boon AG, Trotman CNA (1966) Inhibition of nitrification in the activated sludge process of sewage disposal. J Appl Microbiol 29(2):266–291
US Environmental Protection Agency (1996) Drinking water regulations and health advisories
Ward MH et al (2010) Nitrate intake and the risk of thyroid cancer and thyroid disease. Epidemiology 21(3):389–395
Weyer PJ et al (2001) Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Epidemiology 12(3):327–338
Wolfe AH, Patz JA (2002) Reactive nitrogen and human health: acute and long-term implications. AMBIO J Hum Environ 31(2):120–125
Worden RM, Donaldson TL (1987) Dynamics of a biological fixed film for phenol degradation in a fluidized-bed bioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 30(3):398–412
Wuhrmann K (1964) Nitrogen removal in sewage treatment processes: with 9 figures in the text and on 2 folders. Internationale Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen 15(2):580–596
Zayen A, Schories G, Sayadi S (2016) Incorporation of an anaerobic digestion step in a multistage treatment system for sanitary landfill leachate. Waste Management, 53:32–39
Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Ge Z, Hu C, Zhang H (2014) Effects of influent C/N ratios on wastewater nutrient removal and simultaneous greenhouse gas emission from the combinations of vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands and earthworm eco-filters for treating synthetic wastewater. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 16(3):567–575
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this entry
Cite this entry
Banayan Esfahani, E., Asadi Zeidabadi, F., Bazargan, A., McKay, G. (2018). The Modified Bardenpho Process. In: Hussain, C. (eds) Handbook of Environmental Materials Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_87-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_87-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-58538-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-58538-3
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
The Modified Bardenpho Process- Published:
- 30 July 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_87-2
-
Original
The Modified Bardenpho Process- Published:
- 29 December 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_87-1